UNIT 18 الصف الثالث الثانوى لغة انجليزية شرح مميز

UNIT 18

Vocabulary:

enrol on يُسجل / يُدرج اسمه في ideal مثالي / أفضل
mature (student) طالب ناضج (يزيد سنه عن 25 سنة) retrain يعيد تدريب (شخص بغرض القيام بوظيفة مختلفة
rewarding مُجزي / عائد بالنفع similar مشابه / مماثل
worthwhile جدير بالاهتمام / مفيد / يستحق ما يُبذل فيه من جهد أو مال department قسم
promotion ترقية / ترويج provide يوفر / يتيح
qualified مؤهل employer صاحب العمل أوالشركة
employee عامل / موظف employable صالح للعمل
idealism المثالية maturity النضج
enrolment تسجيل / ادراج idealist الشخص المثالي (يؤمن بمثل عليا بعيدة عن الواقع)
idealistic مثالي reward يكافأ / مكافأة
similarity تشابه unemployed عاطل
promote يُرقي provider مزود / متعهد / ممون
qualifications مؤهلات the open university الجامعة المفتوحة
refuse يرفض / قمامة refusal رفض
change jobs يغير الوظيفة working lives الحياة العملية (الفترة من حياة الشخص التي يقوم فيها بالعمل)
remain employable يظل صالحا للعمل individuals أفراد
finance department قسم الماليات computer skills مهارات الحاسب الآلي
highly qualified علي درجة عالية من الكفاءة master (v) يتقن
officially بشكل رسمي joke (v/n) نكتة / يمزح
learn new activities يتعلم أنشطة جديدة college كلية
current work العمل الحالي a challenging job عمل صعب (يتطلب تحديا)
exert efforts يبذل جهود grown up ناضج
garbage = rubbish قمامة firmly بحزم / بصرامة
salute the flag يحيي العلم national anthem النشيد الوطني
existing skills المهارات الموجودة advances in technology التقدم في التكنولوجيا
practices ممارسات constantly باستمرار
vet طبيب بيطري improve their position يُحسنوا مكانتهم
get promoted يترقي an evening course مقرر دراسي مسائي
research findings نتائج الأبحاث organise into groups ينظم في مجموعات
do a course in يدرس مقرر في study from home يدرس بالمنزل
develop skills ينمي المهارات thanks to بفضل
by video عن طريق الفيديو make investments يقوم باستثمارات
write a report on يكتب تقريرا عن download onto the computer يحمل علي الكمبيوتر
local time التوقيت المحلي home country الوطن
take formal exams يتقدم لامتحانات رسمية the only option الخيار الوحيد
a desire for education رغبة في التعليم self-confidence الثقة بالنفس
potentials امكانيات / طاقات gain experience يكتسب خبرة
enhance learning يعزز التعلم time difference فرق التوقيت
study online يدرس عن طريق الانرنت stimulate يحفز
market سوق / يُسَوق

Words and their antonyms:

optional اختياري compulsory/mandatory اجباري
promote يُرقي demote يُنزل الدرجة أو المرتبة
idealistic مثالي realistic واقعي
mature ناضج immature غير ناضج
rewarding مُجزي unrewarding غير مجزي
worthwhile جدير بالاهتمام / يستحق الجهد والمال worthless / useless تافه / غير مفيد
qualified مؤهل unqualified غير مؤهل
employable صالح للعمل unemployable غير صالح للعمل

Words and their synonyms:

idealistic مثالي unrealistic rewarding satisfying
worthwhile valuable optional voluntary
qualified certified employee worker
employer boss stupid empty-headed/mindless
effort endeavour fanciful خيالي imaginary
good-looking حسن المظهر attractive hardy strong
laziness الكسل idleness ignore يتجاهل disregard
improve يحسن enhance/upgrade for instance for example
instantly في الحال immediately issue مسألة / قضية matter
lifelong مدي الحياة lasting mindful of واعي بـ aware of


Prepositions and Expressions:

present (him) with an award يقدم له جائزة enrol on يُسجل /يدرج
study by distance learning يدرس عن طريق التعلم عن بعد communicate with يتصل بـ
in two years' time في خلال عامين go back to education يعود للتعليم
out of interest من باب الاهتمام (بالشيء) satisfied with راض عن
look around (for) يبحث عن at any age في أي سن
take up opportunities يستفيد من الفرص be on a course ملتحق بمقرر دراسي
approve of يوافق علي progress through life يتقدم خلال الحياة
at intervals علي فترات agree with suggestions يتفق مع المقترحات
leave out يستبعد get to = reach يصل الي
be tested on يُختبر في for this reason ولهذا السبب
have the chance to لديه الفرصة لكي.. study for a higher degree يدرس من أجل الحصول علي درجة جامعية أعلي



Irregular Verbs:

mishear / misheard / misheard يخطئ في سماع overhear / overheard / overheard يسمع بالصدفة
misread / misread يخطئ في قراءة oversee / oversaw / overseen يُشرف علي
overeat / overate / overeaten يُفرط في الأكل oversleep / overslept / overslept يُفرط في النوم
slide / slid / slid ينزلق



Derivatives:

verb noun adjective
enrol enrolment
reward reward rewarding
promote promotion promotional
provide provision
qualify qualification qualified
believe belief
educate يعلم education educational
retire يتقاعد retirement retired
improve improvement improved
return return returnable يمكن إعادته
mature maturity mature

Words that go together


sufficiently qualified مؤهل بصورة كافية qualified workforce قوة عاملة مؤهلة
skilled labour عمالة ماهرة unskilled labour عمالة غير ماهرة
promotion opportunities فرص الترقي provide job opportunities يوفر فرص عمل
ideal solution حل مثالي rewarding experience خبرة مفيدة
ideal choice اختيار مثالي ideal conditions الظروف المثالية
put forward an idea يطرح فكرة do a distance learning course يدرس مقرر عم طريق التعلم عن بعد
become out of date يصبح غير مساير للموضة أو يبطل استعماله highly skilled jobs أعمال تتطلب مهارة عالية
do a degree course يدرس مقرر للحصول علي شهادة a worthwhile experience خبرة قيمة
educational opportunities الفرص التعليمية a sensible idea فكرة معقولة
summer school مقرر دراسي صيفي full-time work
receive a degree يحصل علي شهادة أو درجة علمية formal test اختبار رسمي
educational qualifications مؤهلات تعليمية be open to everyone متاح أمام الجميع
provide degrees through distance learning يقدم درجات علمية من خلال التعلم عن بعد first degree courses مقررات دراسية للحصول علي الدرجة الجامعية الأولي مثل البكالوريوس
dairy produce منتجات ألبان an object of ridicule موضع سخرية

Read the following passage carefully:

Lifelong Learning
Fifty years ago, most university students believed that when they graduated, their education had finished. They expected to get a job and work for one employer until they retired. Now students know they will probably have to change jobs during their working lives. This means they will probably need new skills, and in today's world, lifelong learning helps them to get these.
To remain employable, individuals must be good at the jobs they are doing and predict what skills they may need in the future. Tarek, who works in the finance department of a large company in Assiut, knows that to get a promotion he must improve his computer skills. His company needs highly qualified staff, so it provides courses for its employees, but Tarek is also doing an evening course. Doing his job and studying is hard work, but he knows it is worthwhile.
Nahla Zoheri lives in Damietta and has young children. She has a BSc in Information Technology and would like to return to work when her children are older. She hopes to get a Master's degree, bur the nearest university with a suitable course is in Cairo. Nahla cannot leave her family, so she wants to study by 'distance learning'. This is when students and teachers are in different places.
Nahla has now enrolled on an M.Sc course and is very happy. All the information she needs is on the internet and her teachers communicate with her by e-mail. In two years' time, Nahla hopes to get her Master's degree after studying in her own home and without leaving her family.

Definitions:

enrol / enroll to become or make someone officially a member of a course, school , etc.
ideal the best that something could possibly be.
mature(student) a student at a university or college who is over 25.
retrain train to do a different job, learn new skills.
rewarding making you feel happy and satisfied
similar almost the same but not exactly the same.
worthwhile useful or enjoyable , even though you have to spend a lot of time , effort or money doing it.
department one of the parts of a large organization , such as a college government or company.
promotion a move to a better , more responsible position at work
provide to give or supply something to someone especially something that they need.
qualified having passed an exam that shows you have the training , knowledge or skills to do a job.
employer a person or company that pays people to work for them
employee someone who is paid to work for someone else
employable having the skills and qualifications to make someone want to employ you

Language Notes

۩ reward (v/n) يكافأ / مكافأة ۩reword (v) = rephrase يعيد صياغة (جملة أو سؤال مثلا)
•He gave the children some chocolate to reward them for behaving well.
•Let me reword my question.

۩ refuse (v) يرفض ۩refuse (n) = garbage = rubbish = trash قمامة / نفاية
• I absolutely refuse to take part in anything that's illegal.
• Refuse collectionجمع القمامة has been seriously affected by the strikeاضراب .

۩ produce (v) يُنتج ۩produce (n / U) محاصيل أو غلال / منتجات
• This factory produces high-quality steel
• Governments build roads which help farmers to market their produce.

۩ object to + n/ V + ing (v) يعترض ۩object (n ) شيء / هدف
• The committee strongly objected to the report's recommendations.
• Look, there's a strange object in the sky!

۩ desert (n) صحراء ۩desert (v ) = abandon يهجر
• This area of the country is mostly desert.
• Helen was deserted by her husband.

۩ rest (v/n) راحة / يستريح ۩(the) rest (n ) البقية
• I need to get some rest. • If you're tired, we'll stop and rest for a while.
• Two of the attackers were killed, and the rest escaped.

Make / Do

make friends يتخذ أصدقاء do an operation يقوم بعملية جراحية
make sure يتأكــد do a job يؤدي وظيفة
make contributions يقوم بإسهامات do work يقوم بالعمل
make sense له معني do the shopping يتسوق
make a decision يقرر / يتخذ قرار do the homework يقوم بواجباته المدرسية
make a difference to يحدث اختلاف في / يكون له تأثير علي do wrong يخطئ
make a mistake يخطئ do good يُفيـد
make parts of cars يصنع أجزاء السيارات do harm يضــر
make a fire يشعل نارا do the washing up يقوم بغسل الأواني
make a suggestion يقدم اقتراح do the cleaning يقوم بالتنظيف
make a promise يَعد do the sweeping يقوم بالكنس
make achievements يحقق انجازات do a favour يقدم خدمة أو معروف
make peace يحقق السلام do a project يقوم بعمل بحث أو دراسة (في مدرسة أو جامعة)
make war يشن حرب do research يقوم بعمل أبحاث
make lunch/dinner يعد الغداء / العشاء do without يستغني عن
make the bed يرتب السرير do (his) hair يصفف شعره
make up (his) mind يقرر do something/nothing يفعل شيء (لا شيء)
make a noise يثير ضوضاء do the cooking يقوم بالطهي

Provide something for يوفر شيء لـ
Provide someone with يمد أو يزود شخص بـ
• The government should provide job opportunities for young men.
• The government should provide young men with job opportunities.

۩ busy with + n مشغول بـ ۩busy + V+ing
• He's busy with a customer right now.
• She's busy studying for her exams.

Exercises on Vocabulary and Language Notes:
Choose the correct answer:
1- To (drill – enrol – record - agree) means to become a member of a university course.
2- For me, a park with trees is the (ideal – dial – redial – trial) place for a picnic.
3- I've always wanted to paint – that's why I've (received – put – done – enrolled) on an art course.
4- Most southern European countries have a (likely – unlike – similar – different) climate: hot in summer and cold in winter.
5- My cousin used to be a soldier, but now he's (retraining – reworking – redoing – rewriting) to be a teacher.
6- Most of the people in my university group are in their twenties, but there are also three (pure – impure - mature – secure) students.
7- My sister wants to be a teacher. She believes teaching is a (reacting – rewarding – reactivating – recalling) career.
8- Doing things for other people can be a very (worsening – winding - worthwhile – wondering) experience.
9- The largest company in our town has 600 (employers – employees – employ – employment).
10- I hope the new skills I am learning at college will make me more (employable – enjoyable – bearable – curable).
11- My father is a (clarified – classified – identified - qualified) engineer.
12- My uncle is a teacher in the languages (apartment – appointment – department - employment) at our local school.
13- She has worked very hard this year, so she is hoping for a (demotion – promotion – devotion - communication) at work next year.
14- Everyone likes working for Mr. Hamdi. They say he is a very kind (employer – buyer – player - bricklayer).
15- Universities (save – introduce – provide - divide) the country with highly qualified young people.
16- A company in my town closed last week, leaving 50 people (unused – unemployed – unqualified - unconscious).
17- The secondary school in our town (fires – dismisses – allows - employs) more than a hundred teachers.
18- I hope my company will (develop – promote – provide - introduce) me when I finish this computer course.
19- In many countries, the government is the main (peeler – porter – provider - publisher) of school education.
20- I believe I have the best (quotations – qualifications – quantities - amounts) for the job.
21- (Meanwhile – While – Worthless - Worthwhile) means useful or enjoyable, although you may spend a lot of time, effort or money doing it.
22- (Similar – Identical – Different - Various) means almost but not exactly the same.
23- Something which is (rewording – reconsidering – rewarding - revealing) makes you feel happy and satisfied.
24- To (remain – retain – regain - retrain) is to train to do something new.
25- A/An (stupid – mature – elderly - genius) student is a university or college student who is older than 25.
26- (Idealist – Idealistic – Ideal - Idealism) means the best that something could possibly be.
27- Someone that pays people to work for them is called a/an (purchaser – vampire – employer - employed).
28- A (document – department – adjustment - argument) is one of the parts of a large organisation.
29- Someone who is paid to work for another person is called an (invitee – addressee – employee - guarantee).
30- A (promotion – pollution – prevention - motion) is a move to a better job at work.
31- To (process – progress – provide - procure) is to give or supply something to someone.
32- To be (achievable – employable – admirable - available) is to have the skills and qualifications that will help you to find work.
33- To be (qualified – dignified – falsified – justified) is to have qualifications for a job.
34- (Involvement – Inclusion – Enrolment - Investment) at this college will take place in September.
35- An (idea – ideal – idealistic - idealist) is someone who tries to live according to high standards or principles, especially in a way that is not practical or possible
36- He has (commodity - maturity – continuity – enmity) beyond his years.
37- The school has a system of (words – worms – rewards - rewords) and punishments to encourage good behaviour.
38- For generations, scientists and science-fiction writers talked about the (celebrity – charity – maturity - similarity) of Mars to Earth.
39- He was (received – promoted – considered - deprived) to personnel manager last April.
40- The project is designed to (allow – save – provide - offer) young people with work.

Find the mistakes in each of the following sentences then write them correctly:
1- She was offered empowerment in the sales office.
2- If I'm not prevented within the next two years, I'm going to change jobs.
3- What makes you think that you are liquefied for this job?
4- He is the head of the English apartment at Cairo University.
5- I dialled on the modern art course.
6- In the hot weather the fruit mattered quickly.
7- The team have worked hard and their efforts have been awarded with success.
8- Good programs like this one get kids involved in worthless activities.
9- Do you have anything solar to this material but cheaper?
10- He used a small metal objective to open the door.







Modal Verbs

•تستخدم should/ought to / had better + inf. عادة للتعبير عن النصيحة:

• should = ought to = had better = If I were you, I'd… = It’s a good idea to…. = It’s advisable to….= It’s desirable to…+ inf.

• You should look for a new job.
= It is a good idea to look for a new job.
• You shouldn't look at the sun. It's very dangerous.
• You had better not look at the sun. It's very dangerous.

•تستخدم should have + PP. للتعبير عن أن شيء كان يجب أن يحدث في الماضي ولم يتم ونستخدمه عادة عندما نوجه اللوم لشخص لعدم قيامه بعمل معين:
• You should have done your homework yesterday.
• You shouldn't have parked your car here. It's a 'No Parking' area.

•تستخدم can للتعبير عن القدرة علي عمل شيء في المضارع:
•Can = be able to + inf. = be capable of + V. + ing = have the ability to + inf.
• I can do this job very well.
= I have the ability to do this job very well.
= I am capable of doing this job very well.
= I am able to do this job very well.

•تستخدم can / can't للتعبير عن أن شيء مسموح به أو غير مسموح به في المضارع:

• In some countries, you can drive at the age of 17. (It is permitted by the law مسموح به قانونا)
• In some cities, people can't use their cars every day. (It is against the law. ضد القانون)
• You can't park here. = You mustn't park here.
•تستخدم can / could للتعبير عن الاحتمال Possibility في المضارع:
• Surgeons can replace the heart. (This is possible.)
• We could ban cars from cities. (This would be possible if we wanted it.)
• He can't be Egyptian – he doesn't speak Arabic. (This is not possible)

•تستخدم could / couldn't للتعبير عن قدرة عامة علي عمل شيء في الماضي (مثل السباحة وركوب الدراجات ، مثلا):
• I could swim at the age of six.
• I couldn't ride a bicycle until the age of nine.
•ولكن عند الحديث عن قدرة محددة علي عمل شيء في الماضي وكان غالبا من الصعب القيام به نستخدم:

Was / were able to
Managed to + inf. = Succeeded in + V. + ing

• I took my car to the garage this morning, where one of the mechanics managed to repair it.
• I'd been trying to send that e-mail all day. Finally, I succeeded in sending it at 6 p.m.
• It was raining and there were no taxis. At last, we were able to arrive home.

•تستخدم could / couldn't للتعبير عن أن شيء كان مسموح به أو غير مسموح به في الماضي:
• In the past, people could drive a car without passing a driving test.
• In the past women couldn't vote in elections. التصويت في الانتخابات
•تستخدم could / can في حالة الطلب والاقتراح:
• What shall we do tonight? – We can / could go to the cinema.
• Can / Could you open that door, please?
•تستخدم can / could للتعبير عن أن شيء سيكون مسموح به في المستقبل:
• You can / could borrow my car tomorrow.
• Can / Could I use your office tomorrow?
•يُفضل استخدام could مع الأفعال التي تدل علي الشعور والتفكير:
•He could remember nothing after the accident.
•When he was far from home, he could only think of his son.
•وتستخدم could عادة مع الكلمات hardly – almost في الماضي وتستخدم can في المضارع
•He could hardly breathe because of the smoke.
•He almost couldn't see in the dark.

•لاحظ استخدام could بعد I wonder if ..
•I wonder if you could help me with this bag.
•يمكن أيضا أن تستخدم may للتعبير عن أن شيء سيكون مسموح به في المضارع أو المستقبل وهي صيغة رسمية أكثر تهذبا:
• May I use your phone, please?
• You may borrow my camera tomorrow, if you like.
•يمكن استخدام طرق أخري للتعبير عن السماح أو عدم السماح بشيء كما يلي:


•Be allowed to + inf. = Be permitted to + inf. مسموح له
•Be prohibited from + ing ممنوع من .

• You are allowed to park here.
• You are permitted to use this fax machine.
• Parking is prohibited near the government buildings.


•Must = it is necessary to ..

• تستخدم Must للتعبير عن إحساس قوي بضرورة عمل شيء من وجهة نظر المتكلم أو للتعبير عن أن شيء مهم بالنسبة لنا وفي هذه الحالة تستخدم فقط مع الضمائر I / WE ومع You في حالة السؤال:
• You must visit my grandparents more often. (It's important to me that I do.)
• Must you wear that yellow tie? (Is it important to you that you do it? This also suggests that it bothers يضايق me.)
• تستخدم Must للتعبير عن نصيحة قوية وفي الأوامر كما تستخدم في القوانين والقواعد وعندما نذكر أنفسنا بضرورة عمل شيء:
• You mustn't be late or dad will be angry. (strong advice)
• You must clean your room before you go out with your friends. (an order)
• Drivers and passengers of motorcycles must wear helmets. (a law)
• تستخدم Must في حالة توجيه دعوة أو التعبير عن مشاعر صادقة:
• You must come and see us at the weekend.
• You must try a piece of my cake.
• تستخدم Must في الاستنتاج أو التعبير عن نتيجة منطقية:
• Dad must have left already. I don't see his car.
•راجع استخدام الأفعال الناقصة في الاستنتاج في الوحدة السابعة

•لاحظ استخدام Must للتعبير عن الضرورة في المضارع والمستقبل فقط :
• I must go now. • I must see my doctor tomorrow.


•تستخدم have to / have got to / Need to للتعبير عن إلزام مفروض علينا وليس أمامنا اختيار بسبب القواعد والقوانين أو الظروف :


•Have to / Have got to / Need to = It is necessary to..

• If she wants to start her course this year, she has to apply before the end of March.
• Do you have to wear that yellow tie to work? (Is it part of your uniform?)
• We have to wear helmets if we are going to take the motorcycle. (The law says so.)
• He needs to be busy all the time or his boss will be angry.
• We need to revise for next week's exam.

•يمكن استخدام have to في النصيحة و الأوامر:
• You have to apologize to Mona. You don't want to lose her as a friend. (advice)
• You can't go out. You have to clean your room first. (an order)

•في حالة التعبير عن الضرورة في المستقبل نستخدم must / have to / will have to:
• I have to get up early tomorrow.
• I'll have to send the fax tomorrow.

•للتعبير عن الضرورة في الماضي نستخدم had to:
•Had to = It was necessary to ..

• We had to take a taxi as it was raining heavily.

•يمكن استخدام have to في الأزمنة المختلفة (ما عدا الأزمنة المستمرة):
• I had to work six days a week. = It was necessary for me to work six days a week.
• My flight is at six in the morning. I'll have to get up early.
• Have you ever had to go to hospital?

•في حالة التعبير عن عدم الضرورة في المضارع يمكن استخدام ما يلي:

•Don't have to / don't need to / needn't = It isn't necessary to…

• When you are on holiday, you don't need to go to bed early.
• She doesn't have to work on Saturday.

•للتعبير عن عدم الضرورة في المستقبل نستخدم :

•Won't have to = won't need to = It won't be necessary to …

• I won't have to clean the room tomorrow. Mother will do it.


•للتعبير عن عدم الضرورة في الماضي نستخدم:

•Didn't have to = didn't need to = It wasn't necessary to:

• I didn't have to do the shopping yesterday. My brother did it.

•استخدام didn't have to + inf. يدل علي حدث لم يتم في الماضي لكونه غير ضروري:
• I didn't have to go to school yesterday. It was a holiday.

•استخدام needn't have + PP. يدل علي حدث تم في الماضي على الرغم من كونه غير ضروري:
• You needn't have brought your umbrella. It's not going to rain.

•لاحظ الفرق بين استخدام need to كفعل ناقص واستخدام need كفعل عادي بمعني يحتاج أو يتطلب:
• This job needs computer skills.
• I need to finish the job early. = I must finish it early.
•تستخدم Must في السؤال بدون فعل مساعد وتأتي في بداية السؤال:
• Must he send the e-mail now?
•في حالة استخدام have to / need to في السؤال نستخدم معهما فعل مساعد :do/does/did
• Do you have to do the job now?
• Does she need to go now?
• Did she have to borrow that money?
•تستخدم have got to في السؤال بدون فعل مساعد:
• Have you got to be at the office every day?
• Has that man got to carry all the boxes by himself?

•تستخدم Mustn't Must not / للتعبير عن أن شيء ممنوع أو غير مسموح به أو تترتب عليه نتيجة سيئة إذا قمنا به:

•Mustn't = (be) not allowed = (be) not permitted to = (be) banned from =
(be) prohibited from = (be) forbidden to

• You mustn't smoke in hospitals.
=You aren't allowed to smoke in hospitals.
=You aren't permitted to smoke in hospitals.
= you are forbidden to smoke in hospitals.
=You are banned from smoking in hospitals.
=You are prohibited from smoking in hospitals.


•ويمكن أن تبدأ الجمل بالشيء الغير مسموح به:
• Smoking is not allowed in hospitals.
• Parking is forbidden here.

Be to + inf.

•يستخدم هذا التركيب للتعبير عن خطط وترتيبات (وخاصة الرسمية) كما يستخدم في الأوامر:
• The President is to visit Italy next month..
• Mona and Ali are to get married in June.
• You are to do your homework before you watch TV.
• I had instructions that I was to leave the door unlocked when I came home.

Choose the correct answer:
1- He said I (may – might - should – needn't) try a different kind of job. I think it's good advice.
2- I found a course at my local college where I (could – ought – could have – mustn't) train as a teacher.
3- If I want to start this year, I (have to - may – might – shall) apply by the end of next week. I have no choice.
4- I (ought – should have – am able – can) study at home when I want to.
5- I (can't – may not – might not – should) spend all my life studying. It's impossible for me.
6- I (have to – must - might – can't) study languages. I haven't decided yet.
7- My family (might – must – have to – needn't) go to Jordan for a holiday next year. We haven't decided yet.
8- You (are able - can – had to - ought) buy almost anything online these days.
9- At my sports club, everyone (has to – should – may - might) wear flat shoes. It's an important rule.
10- You (shall - could – need to - manage) get more practice if you want to pass your driving test.
11- If you don't understand, you (may – might – mustn't – should) ask your teacher. That's my advice.
12- I really (can – must – may - might) go and get some bread before the shop closes. I don't have any bread left at home
13- My computer's broken and I need to check my e-mail. What should I do?
- There's an internet café near here. You (shall – can – are able – needn't) use one of the computers there.
14- I forgot to take my medicine this morning. What should I do?
-You (may – might – can - must) take it as soon as you get home. This is very important.
15- If his car's being repaired, how will he get to work tomorrow?
-He hasn't decided yet. He (might – has to – must - should) walk.
16- I haven't heard from Ali for two weeks. I hope he isn't ill.
-You (mustn't – could have – might have - should) phone him or go round to his house.
17- Why did you choose that course?
-Because I (could - am able – was going – didn't have) do most of the work at home.
18- What's the rule about visiting people in hospital?
-You (have to – may – might - shall) go between 2 o'clock and 5 o'clock in the afternoon.
19- You (can – have to - mustn't – might not) take photographs here. It's against the law.
20- You (are to – able to – were to - ought) wait here in this room until I return.

Find the mistakes in each of the following sentences then write them correctly:
1. I needn't buy this furniture yesterday. It was really unnecessary.
2. He could take a taxi, but he preferred to walk home yesterday.
3. You be to finish this work before 10 o'clock, or you'll be fired.
4. You have to do your homework today. You can do it tomorrow.
5. You can't leave now. You may finish this work first.
6. She must take a taxi yesterday as it was raining heavily.
7. I might wash my hands before eating. It's very important.
8. I wonder if you may do the shopping for me.
9. It was snowing heavily. The roads were slippery. At last we encouraged to reach home.
10. We may use plastic cups, so we don't have to wash anything.
-That's a good idea.

Test on Unit 18

A- Language Functions
1- Respond to the following situations:
1- An educational adviser asks you what skills you'd like to improve. You have never been very good at maths.
2- Someone has asked you for educational advice. Find out what qualifications this person has.
3- A friend wants to go back to education, but cannot leave home to go to the university. Suggest a distance learning course.
4- A friend suggests that you do an evening course to improve your English.

2- Mention the place, the speakers and the language function in each of the following two mini-dialogues:
1) A: How can I help you, sir?
B: I'd like to have this prescription filled, please.
A: O.K. Just a minute.

2) A: What time will you be checking out tomorrow?
B: I have to leave early to catch my flight. I'd like a 6 a.m.
wake-up call.
A: Well, you can check out tonight and 1 will arrange it.

B- Vocabulary and Structure
3- Choose the correct answer:
1- You (must – ought – should have – could have) come and stay with us in Arizona sometime.
2- I hate (should – might - having to- must) get up early in the morning.
3- You (ought – could have - had better – may not) repaint the room. It looks so ugly.
4- The Prime Minister (will be - is to – was being – must have) meet his European counterparts to discuss the war against drugs
5- The children were so excited that they (could – can – have to - might) hardly speak.
6- I (didn't have to – had to – might – needn't) go to work yesterday. It was a national holiday.
7- You (should have – could - needn't have - must have) purchased a new camera. You already have a good one
8- You (may not - mustn't – can – ought) bite your nails. It's a bad habit.
9- This beach is (idealistic – idealist – ideal – idealism) for children. It's really safe.
10- They intend to allocate يخصص more places to (fracture – furniture – gesture – mature) students this year.
11- This restaurant offers food (similar – usual – the same – like) to that cooked at home.
12- Her (publication – emotion - promotion – demotion) to general manager took everyone by surprise.
13- The hospital has a commitment تعهد to (invite – provide – save – deprive) the best possible medical care.
14- Graduates are finding it more and more difficult to find (employment – disappointment – employees – unemployment).
15- She’s extremely well (applied – replied - qualified – purified) for the job.
16- To remain (avoidable – predictable – employable - deniable), individuals must be good at the jobs they are doing.

4- Find the mistakes in each of the following sentences then write them correctly:
1- It's getting late. I really shall go.
2- If you earn more than £5000, you will may to pay tax.
3- I must go on the school trip. I haven't decided yet.
4- She controlled on an MSc course and is very happy.
5- He works in the finance compartment of a large company.
6- To get a production, you must improve your computer skills.

C- Reading Comprehension
5- Read the passage then answer the questions: (August 2001)
An earthquake is not particularly dangerous in our days. In cities and towns, buildings are constructed according to the most recent technological methods, and thus earthquakes are not so threatening as they were in the past.
However, in some out-of the- way districts where people make their own houses and no precautions are taken against earthquakes, these natural phenomena sometimes prove fatal. Some time ago there was a destructive earthquake in Egypt. It lasted only one minute, and its effects were great. In a matter of seconds hundreds of houses collapsed. People were buried alive under the ruins. Those who were fortunate enough to survive knew that their relatives might still be living under the heaps of stone and wood. The army had been ordered to remove the ruins and the soldiers had to work fast to save as many people as they could. The survivors helped the soldiers in the struggle against death hoping to find a missing member of their family. They had to remove the ruins with their bare hands for fear of killing someone if they used the spades. Nevertheless, most of those who were dug out were dead, and those who were still alive had been so badly injured that few of them escaped death in the end.
Earthquakes are rare, and their terrible effects have been considerably limited. However, in the parts of the world where primitive living conditions are still existing, earthquakes are still as terrible as they were in the past.

A) Answer the following questions:
1. Why were earthquakes more dangerous in the past?
2. What does the underlined phrase mean?
3. What was the army ordered to do?

B. Choose the correct answer:
4. In cities, buildings are ---------------.
a) badly constructed b) built of stone and mud
c) not protected against earthquakes d) built according to modern methods
5. The soldiers --------------.
a) used their hands to carry the dead b) used spades to find the dead
c) couldn't use spades for fear of killing someone d) used lorries and tractors

6- Read the passage then answer the questions:
Do you remember when the telephone used to be a simple receiver connected by a wire to the wall ? And all you used it for was to make a phone call ?
Today, new technology has changed the telephone and what people use it for. Using computers now in technology has given us fast connections and clearer conversations over the telephone. Nowadays, people use telephones to do their banking, to rent videos, and to buy things. People now can send letters and documents through phone lines by fax. And new systems may be available soon for sending video pictures over the telephone.
The most recent invention about telephones is that you don't need to be at home or at the office to use the telephone any more. There are now mobile phones which have no wires. You can carry one in your pocket or keep it in your car. A call from a mobile phone travels along radio waves to stations in different places. From there, the radio signal is connected to the regular phone system. With a mobile phone, anyone who can drive and talk can also drive and phone. This means less wasted time. So remember next time you are at the beach or riding your bicycle, there might be a call for you.
A. Answer the following questions:
1- How have computers improved telephone services?
2- How many uses of the telephone can you find in the passage?
3- What does the underlined word" one " refer to ?
B. Choose the correct answer:
4- Mobile phones have no -----------------.
a) wires b) radios c) computers d) calculators
5- People can send and receive letters and documents by ------------------.
a) radios b) printers c) fax d) stations

D- Writing
8- Write a paragraph of about 100 words about: (August 2000)
"Distance learning"

9- A)Translate into Arabic: (June, 1993)
Food for all is the major problem of the world today. A hungry world is never likely to be a peaceful one. Unrest throughout the world most frequently has its main cause in dissatisfaction with that part of the standard of living connected with food.

B) Translate into English:
1- تبذل الحكومة ما بوسعها للتحكم في الأسعار ورفع مستوي المعيشة.
2- الغذاء الصحي ضروري لتجنب الإصابة بكثير من الأمراض.