شرح كامل للوحدة 9 لغة انجليزية الثالث الثانوى المرحلة الثانية

Unit 9: The power of nature

Tape Script

Amena : We’ve been learning that some people are afraid that the light from the sun might go out permanently during an eclipse.
Professor: Really? Well, that couldn’t happen, of course. But people are right to think that the sun’s very important.
Shahd : Yes that’s right. If we didn’t get heat and light from the sun, there would be no life on Earth, would there?
Professor: Definitely not! Human beings have always understood this.
Shahd : So, what exactly is the sun, Professor?
Professor: It’s a giant ball of hot gases, which is 150 million kilometres from the Earth.
Amena : Wow! As far as that! Do we know how hot it is?
Professor: Yes, we do have this information. The surface of the sun is about 6,000 degrees centigrade, but if you took the temperature at its centre, you’d find it was more like 15 million degrees.
Shahd : That's incredible.
Professor: The sun gives us heat and light, which we eat, but it also gives out x-rays and ultraviolet rays, which can be very harmful to life.
Shahd : Really? Can you explain why they don’t harm us, then?
Professor: I’ll try and explain. Most of these rays are absorbed in the atmosphere, so they aren’t able to affect us. But I ought to warn you about one very important thing.
Shahd : What that?
Professor: The sun is incredibly strong and you should never look straight at it. If you look at the sun, you’ll damage your sight.
Shahd : Is it OK if you look at the sun wearing sunglasses?
Professor: No, I’m afraid it’s not. A friend of mine thought that, but he now has problems with his eyes. If he hadn’t looked at the sun, he wouldn’t have damaged his sight. Just remember, never look at the sun.

Reading: The Power of Nature

 For most people, the word weather means the sun, rain, wind or snow. If you live in southern Europe or Africa, you know that temperatures are higher and there is less rain than if you live in northern Europe or Canada. It is unusual for a weather forecast to surprise us.
 However, strange weather can occur all over the world. For example, people have seen giant pieces of ice falling from the sky. And what would you think if you saw a ball of light as big as a football on a plane, or floating through your home? Weather experts called these ball lightning.
(1)
 Some storms are very unusual and may cause terrible damage. The English town of Dunwich was once an important port, but in the fourteenth century, high waves and violent storms hit the area and most of the town disappeared beneath the sea. The worst storm in Britain, in 1703, killed more than 8000 people. The worst flood in history was in 1887 in China when the Yellow River flooded and killed around a million people.
 Unusual weather is becoming more common, with very high or low temperatures and very heavy rainfall all over the world. This causes serious droughts in some places and floods in others. However, this is not a modern phenomenon: in Europe in the eighteenth century, there was a Little Ice Age when rivers like the River Thames in England froze.
 What will happen to our weather in the future? No one really knows, but one day ‘unusual’ weather may not be unusual anymore.


Key Vocabulary

geyser نبع ماء حار / سخان مياه cause سبب
volcano بركان drought الجفاف
electric storm عاصفة كهربية lightning البرق
absorb يمتص northern شمالى
eclipse كسوف / خسوف occur يحدث / يقع
harmful ضار phenomenon ظاهرة
sight منظر / البصر rainfall سقوط الامطار
ultraviolet rays أشعة فوق بنفسجية southern جنوبى

Vocabulary

wave موجة storm chaser مطارد الرياح
wavy متموج erupt يثور (البركان)
heat wave موجة حارة eruption ثورة البركان
powers of nature قوى الطبيعة landscape منظر طبيعى
solar eclipse كسوف الشمس blow تهب / ينفخ
lunar eclipse خسوف القمر planet كوكب
nature الطبيعة star نجم
surfing التزلج على الماء galaxy مجرة
skin جلد meteorite نيزك / شهاب
giant ضخم / عملاق comet مُذَنَب
temperature درجة الحرارة clear night ليلة صافية
atmosphere الغلاف الجوى definitely بالتأكيد
sunglasses نظارة شمسية a flash of lightning وميض البرق
earthquake الزلازال a clap of thunder قصف الرعد
tide المد و الجزر flood يفيض / فيضان
(2)
degree centigrade درجة مئوية float يطفو
safely بأمان collect data يجمع معلومات
sunny مشمس evidence دليل
stormy عاصف scientific evidence دليل علمى
rainy ممطر shadow ظل
windy عاصف / ملئ بالرياح distance مسافة / بعد
weather forecast النشرة الجوية human beings البشر
weather experts خبراء الطقس harmful rays أشعة ضارة
extreme weather طقس متطرف ball lightning برق على شكل كرة
sand storm عاصفة رملية average wind speed متوسط سرعة الرياح
snow storm عاصفة ثلجية beneath تحت
Little Ice Age العصر الجليدى الأصغر astronomy علم الفلك
Antarctica منطقة القطب الجنوبى chase يطارد
around حوالى common شائع / معروف
tornado زوبعة follow يتبع
hurricane اعصار exist يوجد
affect (v) يؤثر على x-rays أشعة اكس
effect (n) تأثير harm يضر / يؤذى
warn يحذر incredibly بصورة لا تصدق
damage يتلف / يدمر ability قدرة
economy اقتصاد sunglasses نظارة شمسية
economics علم الاقتصاد clear صافى / واضح
block يحجب / يعوق inform يخبر

Prepositions, Idioms & Expressions

high waves أمواج عالية in a northerly direction فى اتجاه الشمال
high temperature درجة حرارة عالية in a westerly position فى اتجاه الغرب
serious damage دمار خطير in a easterly position فى اتجاه الشرق
heavy rain مطر غزير block out / off يحجب
strong wind رياح عاتية go dark يظلم
violent storm عاصفة عنيفة get burnt يحترق
cause damage to يسبب دمار لـ northern Europe شرق أوربا
take in يمتص give out يطلق
damaging to ضار لـ go out يطفى (النور)
harmful to ضار لـ lift him off his feet ترفعه من على الأرض
warn about يحذر من put people in danger يعرض الناس للخطر
life on earth الحياة على الأرض look straight at ينظر مباشرة الى
at the sight of عند رؤية stay on the surface يظل على السطح
catch sight of يلمح have problems with لديه مشاكل فى
come into sight يظهر on a clear night فى ليلة صافية
in a southerly direction فى اتجاه الجنوب fall on the earth يسقط على الأرض
(3)
Antonyms كلمات و عكسها

Word الكلمة Antonym العكس
ability قدرة inability عدم القدرة
harmful ضار harmless غير ضار
understand يفهم misunderstand يسئ فهم
able قادر unable غير قادر
common شائغ uncommon غير شائع
cruel قاسى kind عطوف
strange غريب ordinary عادى
incredible خيالى believable يمكن تصديقه
strong قوى weak ضعيف
high عالى low منخفض
extreme متطرف mild معتدل

Derivatives المشتقات

Verb فعل Noun اسم Adjective صفة Adverb ظرف
absorb يمتص absorption امتصاص absorbent ماص
harm يضر harm ضرر harmful ضار
heat يسخن heat حرارة hot حار / ساخن
volcano بركان volcanic بركانى
north شمال northern شمالى
occur يحدث / يقع occurrence حدوث
phenomenon phenomenal
غير عادى / استثنائى phenomenally
بشكل غير عادى
south جنوب southern جنوبى
electricity كهرباء electric كهربى
sight يبصر / يرى sight البصر / مشهد sighted مبصر
economize يقتصد economy اقتصاد
economic اقتصادى
economical موفر

Definitionsتعريفات

Absorb يمتص if something absorbs liquid, heat, etc., it takes in the liquid, heat, etc., through its surface
Eclipse (n)
كسوف الشمس
خسوف القمر when the sun or the moon seems to disappear, because one of them is passing between the other one and the Earth
Harmful ضار causing harm
Geyser
نبع ماء a hole in the earth from which hot water and steam can suddenly rise
(4)
Sight (n) البصر the ability to see

Ultraviolet rays
أشعة فوق بنفسجية light which can make people's skin become darker
Cause (v) يسبب to make something happen
Drought الجفاف a long period فترة of dry weather when there is not enough water
Lightning (n) البرق a bright flash of electrical light in the sky during a storm
Northern شمالى in or from the north part of a country or area
Occur يحدث / يقع to happen, especially without being planned first
Phenomenon ظاهرة
something that happens or exists, especially something that is unusual or difficult to understand
Rainfall سقوط الأمطار the amount of rain that falls on an area in a particular period فترة of time
Southern جنوبى in or from the south part of a country or area

Confusable Words

drought الجفاف draught تيار هواء بارد
Ex: Drought cause serious damage to crops in many countries in Africa.
Can you shut the door? There’s a draught in here.

Economic اقتصادى (ترتبط بالتجارة و الصناعة) economicalمدبر/موفر (الوقت و الجهد و المال)
Ex: Our economic situation has improved recently.
What's the most economical way of heating this building?

sight البَصَر / مَشهَد (شئ محدد يمكن رؤيته)
sights معالم جديرة بالمشاهدة
view منظر طبيعى ثابت (ما يمكن رؤيته من مكان معين)
Ex: His sight was completely restored by the operation.
A man carrying a donkey is a strange sight.
We went to Rome to see the sights.
There’s an excellent view from our bedroom window.

weather الطقس (حالة الجو خلال فترة زمنية قصيرة)
whether = if ما إذا
Ex: What’s the weather like this morning?
Let me know whether you can come or not.

reason for + v. + ing / اسم سبب cause (v) يسبب
reason why + جملة سبب cause of (n) سبب
Ex: I don’t know the reason for his absence.
I don’t know the reason why he is absent.
What caused the fire?
What was the cause of the fire?
(5)
wear + مفعول = be dressed in يلبس / يكون مرتديا (تستخدم لوصف عادة أو مظهر الشخص)
put on + مفعول يقوم بارتداء
dress = get dressed يلبس (بدون مفعول)
فى حالة وجود مفعول يكون معناه "يساعد شخص على ارتداء الملابس)
be dressed in = be wearing + مفعول يكون مرتديا
Ex: When I saw him in the party, he was wearing his black suit.
We wear heavy clothes in winter.
While I was putting on my coat, the phone rang.
Put on your shoes, Ali. We’re leaving now.
Women take a long time to dress (get dressed)
She dresses beautifully, doesn’t she?
Could you dress the children for me?


Language Notes

regret + to + مصدر يأسف لأنه مضطر لعمل شئ ما
regret + v. + ing يندم على شئ عمله من قبل
Ex: We regret to tell you that you won't get the job.
He regretted making the same mistake over and over again.

adverb ظرف + adjective صفة / adverb ظرف / pp
يستخدم الظرف المنتهي بـ ly قبل الـصفة أو الـظرف أو التصريف لزيادة التأكيد مثل
extremely للغاية / really فعلا / awfully بصورة فظيعة / terribly بصورة فظيعة unbelievably بشكل لا يصدق / incredibly بصورة خيالية
Ex: My teacher is extremely helpful.
I’m awfully sorry.
My horse ran terribly slowly.
I’ve been awfully worried about this week’s exam.

يمكن أن نجعل معنى الجملة أقوى بإستخدام do / does / did لجعل معنى الجملة أقوى
Ex: I do love pop music.
We do have a lot of information about the sun.

northern / southern / eastern / western تستخدم هذه الكامات قبل اسم الدولة أو المنطقة
Ex: Alexandria is in northern Egypt.
= Alexandria is in the north of Egypt.
He lived for a few years in southern Egypt.
He lived for a few years in the south of Egypt.

go dark يصبح مظلم go blind يصبح أعمى go deaf يصبح أصمم go dumb يصبح أبكم
لاحظ استخدام الصفة بعد الفعل go و معناه هنا become




(6)
Language Functions

Asking for an explanation
طلب تفسير Giving an explanation
تقديم تفسير
Can you explain why…? Let me explain.
Do you know how…? I'll try and explain.
I'd like to know how…? Here's what happens.
How on earth…? كيف .... بالله عليك؟ What happens is that..
Could you tell me how/why…? I'll explain that to you.

Examples:
1- A: How on earth do floods occur so quickly?
B: Here's what happens. If a lot of rain falls in a short time, the soil can't absorb it all and the water stays on the surface of the land.
2- A: Can you explain why cities sometimes flood?
B: I'll try and explain. It's usually when there's a river in or near the city. Water runs off the land into the river and the river becomes too full. The water then runs into the city.

@ Respond to each of the following situations:
1- You ask a friend how floods occur so quickly.
2- A friend asks you that makes a good businessman.
3- You ask friend why cities sometimes flood.
4- A friend asks you why some people enjoy action films.

@ Choose the correct answer:
1- The best thing about our holiday to Iceland was our visit to see the (geyser-chaser-Caesar-gesture)
2- If it rains so hard that the soil cannot (drink-eat-absorb-provide) water quickly enough, there are floods.
3- When there is an (atmosphere-eclipse-echo-idea) of the sun, everything goes dark and the birds stop singing.
4- You cannot see ultraviolet (rats-rites-rays-razors), but they can still damage your skin.
5- She does not need to wear glasses. There is nothing wrong with her (sight-hearing-smell-taste).
6- An eclipse of the sun is a strange natural (phenomenon-sight-response-view).
7- Storms can (take-bring-cause-occur) at any time and in any place.
8- It has not rained here for five months. It is the longest (draught-drought-draft-doubt) anyone can remember.
9- Scientists are not sure what causes volcanoes to (rise-excite-emit-erupt).
10- When I was a child, I used to be afraid of storms. I covered my eyes so that I could not see the (fighting-lighting-lightning-sighting).

(7)
11- Alexandria is in the (north-northern-northerly-westerly) of Egypt.
12- Electric storms are a common (occasion-accident-occurrence-lightning) in our part of the country.
13- These trees have grown (artificially-phenomenally-accidentally-traditionally) tall in the last two years.
14- Where we live, the wind usually blows in a (southerly-south-west-north) direction.
15- Very (tall-huge-high-big) temperatures can make people ill.
16- The city was destroyed by high waves and (cruel-violent-hard-severe) storms.
17- Storms can cause (cruel-serious-strong-high) damage.
18- (Big-Strong-Heavy-High) rain and strong winds destroyed buildings all over the country.
19- Denmark is in (north-northern-northerly-forth) Europe.
20- A (lunar-partial-solar-total) eclipse occurs when the earth is between the sun and the moon.
21- Greece and Spain are in (south-southern-southerly-the south) Europe.
22- A (partial-solar-lunar-total) eclipse occurs when the moon passes between the sun and the earth.
23- The eclipse of the sun is called a (polar-lunar-solar-regular) eclipse.
24- (An ecstasy-An eclipse-A clips-A collapse) happens when the light of the sun or moon disappears completely or in part.
25- X- Rays and ultraviolet rays are harmful (at-on-with-to) life.
26- The sun gives (out-off-up-in) X-rays and ultraviolet rays that are harmful to life.
27- The sun a giant ball of hot (substances-liquids-solids-gases).
28- Life (in-at-over-on) earth depends on heat and light from the sun.
29- The atmosphere absorbs most of the sun’s (harmful-harmless-acceptable-incredible) rays.
30- Storm (chasers-purchasers-sellers-buyers) are people who find and follow storms.
31- The tree outside the window blocks (in-out-down-over) the sun.
32- Since the volcano (emitted-omitted-permitted-erupted), many houses have been built in a dangerous position on its slopes.
33- I’ve been (awfully-awful-treble-incredible) worried about this week’s exam.
34- There's increasing demand for cars which are more (economical-economic-economy-economist) on fuel.
35- Some people are afraid that the light from the sun might go (up-down-out-in) permanently during an eclipse.
36- It (returns-burns-comes-goes) dark when there is an eclipse of the sun.
37- There is no scientific (sign-envy-evidence-deviation) to suggest that underwater births are dangerous.
38- The wind was (coughing-blowing-hitting-flashing) harder every minute.
39- There was a (clap-flash-dash-hit) of thunder and then it started to pour with rain.
40- Be careful or you’ll get (burn-burning-burnt-born).

(8)
41- The whole town (flowed-drowned-floated-flooded) when the river burst its banks.
42- Many chemicals are (damage-damaging-damaged-damages) to the environment.
43- I have a real problem (with-from-by-at) people who use their mobile phones on the train.
44- Why (at-over-in-on) earth are you shouting at me?
45- After days at sea, the sailors finally (sighted-lighted-looked-fought) land.
46- Thankfully no one was (destroyed-ruined-harmed-damaged) in the accident.
47- Volcanoes, waves and storms are (energies-strengths-powers-firms) of nature.
48- People are not often surprised by weather (foresee-forecasts-forefather-forearm).
49- Is it OK if you look at the sun (putting-dressing-putting on-wearing) sunglasses?
50- (Extreme-Extremely-Extra-Fine) weather conditions have a bad effect on the environment.

@ Find the mistake in each of the following sentences then write it correctly:
1- The sun is incredible strong.
2- Lighting is the light you see during an electric storm.
3- A gypsy is a hole in the earth from which hot water can rise.
4- Ultrasonic rays means light which can make people's skin go darker.
5- An ecstasy occurs when the sun or moon seems to disappear, because one of them is passing between the other and the Earth.
6- The river floated and killed thousands of people.
7- A thunder storm is one of the most impressive sites in nature.
8- The wind was so strong that it lifted people on their feet.
9- Storm eaters are people who find and follow storms.
10- Extremely weather conditions affect people badly.
11- Why on land did you leave the gate open?
12- Very high temperatures can make people ill.
13- Unusual weather is not a modern phenomenal.
14- Some African countries are suffering from starvation and draught.
15- Alexandria is in the northern of Egypt.
16- When there is heavy rain, the earth cannot drink all the water.
17- Astronomers can predict when eclipses occurrence.
18- The weather forecast can predict the weather of the following day.
19- Some storms can case terrible damage.
20- The wind usually blows in a southern direction.

@ Translate into English:
1- People have always been fascinated by lightning, so there is a great deal of myth and folklore surrounding it. In ancient times, people believed that lightning represented the anger of gods, who wanted to punish people. It was also believed that lightning made the grass and other plants grow greener.
(9)
2- Volcanoes are the most exciting and powerful natural event on earth. They provide dynamic and varied landforms. Every day there are about 20 volcanoes erupting on the earth.

@ Translate into English:

1- يمكن أن تسبب الثوارانات البركانية دمارا كبيرا و فقدان الحياة والملكية.
2- ان الطبيعة تؤثر على كل شئ نقوم به و هى دائمة التغير.


Language Focus

Conditional If

The Zero Conditional الحالة الصفرية

? تستخدم هذه الحالة للتعبير عن المواقف التى تكون صحيحة دائما مثل قوانين الطبيعة و الفيزياء و الكيمياء و الفلك……. الخ.

If + present simple مضارع بسيط present simple مضارع بسيط


- If you heat ice, it melts.

The First Conditional الحالة الأولى

If / Unless + مضارع بسيط will / shall / can / may + inf.

Ÿ تعبر الحالة الأولى عن أحداث محتملة فى المستقبل.
- If it rains, we’ll get wet.
- If she works hard, she will pass the test.
- Unless he works hard, he won’t succeed.

The Second Conditional الحالة الثانية

If + past simple ماضى بسيط would/could/might/should +inf.

- If you walked all the way, it would take about three hours.
- I would go to the beach if it were summer.
 تعبر الحالة الثانية عن أحداث ممكنة و لكنها غير محتملة فى الحاضر أو المستقبل
- I would watch the football match if they showed it on television.
(I do not think they will show it)
 كما تعبر عن أشياء غير حقيقية أو مستحيلة
- If I were you, I’d listen to the weather forecast before going for a picnic.
(I am not you and can never be you.)
 لاحظ استخدام were مع المفرد للدلالة على الاستحالة
 تستخدم الحالة الثانية If I were you للنصيحة
- If I were you, I’d look for another job.
 يمكن استخدام were بدلا من if مع ملاحظة أن were هى فعل الجملة الأساسى
- Were I younger, I’d play football with you.
(10)
 إذا كان فعل الجملة فعل آخر غير were نستخدم were ثم الفاعل ثم to + inf.
- Were it to rain, the match would be postponed.
 يمكن أن نستخدم had بدلا من if
- Had he enough time, he would go to the club.
 لاحظ صيغة الاستفهام مع if
- What would you do if you won a lot of money?
يمكن استخدام should بدلا من if و يليها فاعل ثم مصدر
- Should he play well, he would win.

The Third Conditional الحالة الثالثة

If + past perfect ماضى تام would/could/might/should +have +p.p.

- If you hadn’t phoned, I wouldn’t have known you were back from your holiday.
- If you hadn’t gone to that school, I wouldn’t have met you.
 تعبر الحالة الثالثة عن حدث خيالى فى الماضى.
- If it had continued raining, the town would have flooded.
(But it didn’t continue raining and the town didn’t flood.)
- If he had been taller, he would have been a basketball player.
(But he is / wasn’t taller and he didn’t become a basketball player.)
 لاحظ صيغة الاستفهام مع if
- What would you have done if you had won a lot of money?
 يمكن أن نستخدم had بدلا من if و يليها فاعل ثم تصريف ثالث
- If he had played well, he would have won. (Had)
Had he played well, he would have won.

 ملاحظات:
 تنطبق حالات if الثلاثة على unless و يأتى بعدها جملة مثبتة
- Unless Peter improves, he will fail the exam.
- Unless he were lazy, he wouldn’t fail the exam.
- Unless he had worked hard, he wouldn’t have succeeded.
 لاحظ الفرق بين in case / in case of فى الاستخدام:
In case لربما + جملة
In case of فى حالة + v. + ing / noun اسم
- In case of having enough money, he will buy a car.
- Take this money in case you need it.
 لاحظ التعبيرات التالية.
But for/ Without+ v. + ing/ noun would + inf. / would have +pp
If it weren’t for + v. + ing / noun would + inf.
If it hadn’t been for + v. + ing / noun would have + pp

- But for the Nile, Egypt would be a desert.
If it weren’t for the Nile, Egypt would be a desert.
- Without his hard work, he wouldn’t have succeeded.
If it hadn’t been for his hard work, he wouldn’t have succeeded.
(11)
 أدوات شرط أخرى:
as long as طالما / only if فقط اذا/ on condition that بشرط أن
in the event that فى حالة / provided ( providing) بشرط أن:
- You can stay with us as long as you share the rent.
- You can drive my car only if you drive carefully.
- I’ll lend you the money on condition that you return it within 6 months.
- In the event that he wins the prize, he will probably celebrate the event.
- She will pass her exams provided / providing she studies hard.

 Choose the correct answer:
1- If you look at the sun, you (would-will-would have-might have) damage your sight.
2- If there (had been-were-are-have been) clouds in the sky tonight, you will not be able to see the moon.
3- If it had been an eclipse, the sky (would have gone-will go-might go-should go) dark.
4- If I (had discovered-discovered-discover-have discovered) a planet, I would give it my aunt's name.
5- (Unless-Without-If-In case of) there was an eclipse of the sun in my country, I would definitely watch it.
6- (Were-If-In case of-Unless) you watch the sky on a clear night, you can see stars and planets.
7- If the sun didn’t give heat and light, there (won’t be-may not be-wouldn’t be-can’t be) any life on Earth.
8- If you wear a hat, your face (won't get-wouldn't get-wouldn't have got-should have got) burnt.
9- It is better for your eyes (without-in case of-were-if) you wear glasses.
10- (If-Unless-Should-Had) you hadn't spent so long in the sun, you wouldn't have got burnt.
11- If it's warm and sunny tomorrow, I (go-might go-would have gone-will go) swimming.
12- (Unless-If-Without-But for) I had gone to England, I would have met my pen friend.
13- If you (take-took-had taken-takes) the temperature at the sun's centre, you'd find it was 15 million degrees.
14- If he hadn't looked at the sun, he (won't have-will have-wouldn't have-would have) damaged his sight.
15- If it hadn't rained so heavily, we (would have – have – have had – wouldn't have had) floods.
16- If it (is-were-had been-was) very hot tomorrow, we will not go to the beach.
17- If I were you, I (shall-would-can-may) listen to the weather forecast before deciding where to go tomorrow.
18- I (will put on-would put on-would have put on-may put on) protective glasses if I were you.

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19- I wouldn’t watch an eclipse unless it (is-was-had been-has been) on TV.
20- If you look through a telescope, you (could-can-might-would) see stars and planets.
21- If it (were-was-is-had been) cloudy, we may not see the eclipse.
22- If there (was-is-had been-has been) a solar eclipse in my country, I would definitely watch it.
23- If you use sun cream, you (won’t get-wouldn’t get-couldn’t get-might not get) sun burnt.
24- Remember to keep your receipt (in case of-unless-without-in case) you want to change the goods.
25- I wouldn’t say it unless it (is-does-did-were) true.
26- If Sam loses his job, he (will-would-had to-have to) look for work in the city.
27- What (will you do-may you do-can you do-would you do) if it rained next June?
28- (In case-But for-Unless-If) blood banks, many people would die.
29- I would put on protective glasses if I (were-will be-has been-am) you.
30- If she hadn’t learned how to type, she (would have written-will write-wouldn’t have written-would write) so many books.

4-Find the mistake in each of the following sentences, then write it correctly:
1- If he is a lawyer, he could help you.
2- If he had enough money, he will buy a car.
3- If he weren’t short, he could join the basketball team.
4- If he hadn’t got up late, he wouldn’t have missed the train.
5- If he had had a map, he wouldn’t have been lost.
6- If he hadn’t been lazy, he wouldn’t have failed.
7- If he had worked hard last year, he wouldn’t have failed the exam.
8- If you hurry up, you’ll miss the train.
9- He could help you if he is a doctor.
10- I would write to him if I know his address.
11- Were he well, he could come to the party.
12- He could go to the club if he has enough money.
13- Take an umbrella in case of it rains
14- If he had an umbrella, he wouldn’t have got wet in the rain.
15- If he had worked hard, he wouldn’t fail.
16- Unless my father’s help, I wouldn’t have passed my exams.
17- Unless the driver was careful he could have avoided a terrible accident.
18- If the rescuers didn’t make great efforts, many people would have died.
19- He will succeed provides he studies hard.
20- Unless I have enough time, I’ll go to the cinema.





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Test 9 (Unit 9 & Chapters 5)

A) Language Functions

1- Respond to each of the following situations:
1- Someone says that reading books is a waste of time. Disagree, giving a reason.
2- A friend asks you what you think about the last football World Cup matches.
3- Someone asks you where your friend Ali is. You are almost certain he is on holiday.
4- A friend suggests that you go on a picnic together. Suggest something else.

2- Mention the place, the speakers and the language function in each of the following two mini-dialogues:
1- A: Can I help you, sir? Place:
B: I’d like to have my car filled, please. Speaker A:
A: How much? Speaker B:
B: 10 litres, please. Function

2- A: Can I help you, madam?
B: Do you do watch-repairs? Place:
A: Yes, of course. Speaker A:
B: My watch stopped. Could you examine it? Speaker B:
A: Yes, but you’ll have to leave it. Function

B) Vocabulary and Structure

3-Choose the correct answer from a, b, c or d:
1- Too much sun can be ………………….
a) respectable b) harmful c) unthinkable d) in conflict
2- Accidents …………… more frequently when the roads are busy.
a) take part b) come in c) cause d) occur
3- Lightning is a dangerous but natural ……………….
a) sight b) response c) eclipse d) phenomenon
4- Did the ever discover the ……………… of the fire?
a) reason b) purpose c) cause d) explanation
5- Unless you look at a solar eclipse through special glasses, you will ……… blind.
a) go b) get c) turn d) come
6- …………… waves were crashing on the shore.
a) Tall b) High c) Cruel d) Heavy
7- A …………… of lightning can heat the air around it to more than 30,000  C.
a) Crash b) Clap c) Flash d) Splash
8- Somalia is suffering a …………… . There has been no rain for a long time.
a) drought b) doubt c) draught d) draft
9- If you had come ten minutes later, I ……………………… .
a) would have left b) will leave c) leave d) would leave
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10- If you …………… earlier, you wouldn’t have missed your train.
a) would have left b) leave c) had left d) left
11- If you mix red and yellow paint, you …………… orange
a) will get b) get c) would get d) got
12- If I …………… this essay tonight, I’ll go to the cinema.
a) finish b) had finished c) would finish d) finished
13- If I ……………… you, I’d tell him the truth.
a) had been b) have been c) am d) were
14- I ………………… out if it is stormy.
a) wouldn’t have gone b) won’t go c) wouldn’t go d) hadn’t gone
15- ……………. he understand the lesson if he read the summary?
a) Will b) Did c) Would d) Can
16- If you heat water to 100 º C, it ……………………… .
a) could boil b) will boil c) would boil d) boils

4-Find the mistake in each of the following sentences, then write it correctly:
1- How in earth is it possible to irrigate the desert?
2- London is in the southern of England.
3- The match was cancelled because of high rains.
4- If it had been too hot, we wouldn’t go to the beach.
5- The accident wouldn’t happen if he hadn’t been using his mobile phone.
6- What would have happened if he left the meeting?

C) Reading

5-Read the following passage, then answer the questions:
We may know there's a scientific explanation for solar eclipses, but they continue to have a magical power over us. During a total solar eclipse, people can go blind by the tempting sight of an eclipsed sun. We don't beat drums, fire arrows into the sky, and stand up to our necks in water to appease يهدئ the gods as did the ancient Chinese and Indians. They thought a snake attacked the sun during an eclipse. Noise making was an effort to scare the creature away. The earliest recorded eclipse was in China on October 22, 2134 BC. Then two court astrologers lost their heads because they had failed to predict it. In the fourteenth century B.C., an eclipse was described by a Chinese seer as three flames eating the sun.
Eclipses have been seen as evil omens whose presence changed the course of battle. In the eclipse of 585 B.C., the one Thales is said to have predicted - five years of fighting ended between the Medes and Lydians as a result of an eclipse. The Babylonians were the first to calculate the regular intervals at which eclipses occur. It was through contact with the East that Thales of Miletus was able to make the prediction that marked the beginning of the Greek scientific era. Thales predicted a total solar eclipse in the midst of the battle between Media and Lydia. There is some doubt as to whether Thales accurately predicted the eclipse because he didn't fully understand all the cycles necessary to calculate the date.
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A) Give short answers to the following questions:
1- What happens to people who watch a solar eclipse?
2- What did the ancient Chinese and Indians do to appease the gods?
3- Why is there some doubt as to whether Thales accurately predicted the eclipse?

B) Choose the correct answer from a, b, c, or d:
4-The Chinese and the Indians thought a ………………… during an eclipse.
a) a snake attacked the sun b) a dragon attacked the sun
c) three flames ate the sun d) two astrologers were killed
6- Two court astrologers lost their lives because………………..
a) they could predict the eclipse b) they couldn’t predict the eclipse
c) they made scaring noise d) they scared the dragon

6-Read the following passage, then answer the questions:
Hibernation السبات الشتوى is one of the main adaptations تكيفات that allow certain northern animals to survive long, cold winters. Hibernation is like a very deep sleep that allows animals to save their energy when there is little or no food available. The body functions of ‘true hibernators’ go through several changes while they are hibernating. Body temperature drops, and the heart rate slows. For example, a hibernating woodchuck’s body temperature drops by more than 30 degrees Celsius, and its heart rate slows from 80 to 4 beats per minute! Other true hibernators include the jumping mouse, little brown bat, eastern chipmunk, and several ground squirrels. Other animals, such as the skunk and raccoon, are not considered true hibernators, as they wake up in the winter to feed, and their body functions do not change as much. Since they only sleep for a little bit at a time, the term dormancy or ‘light sleeping’ is used to describe their behavior. Hibernating animals have a special substance in the blood called hibernation inducement trigger, or HIT. This substance becomes active in the fall, when the days become cooler and shorter. When HIT becomes active, the animals start preparing for winter. Some animals store food so that they can eat when they wake up, and some animals eat a lot in late summer and fall to add excess fat to their bodies. This fat keeps them warmer and acts as a source of energy while they are sleeping. Some animals also make changes to the places where they will sleep. They add leaves and grasses to keep them warm.

A) Give short answers to the following questions:
1- What changes occur in the functions of an animal’s body when it hibernates?
2- Why are raccoons and skunks not ‘true hibernators’?
3- How do animals prepare for hibernation?

B) Choose the correct answer from a, b, c or d:
4- HIT becomes active……………………………………………
a) in the winter b) in the summer c) in the spring d) in the fall
5- The term used to describe the behavior of raccoons and skunks is ……………….
a) hibernation b) dormancy c) deep sleeping d) true hibernators

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The Mask of Gold

7-A) Answer the following questions:
1- What was Dr Hafez’s opinion about Amalia?
2- How did Leila discover that Martin Lander was not working for United Mining in Peru?

B) Read the following quotation and answer the questions:
“You’ll get along better when you start working with her properly.”
1- Who said this to whom?
2- What exactly does “when you start working with her properly” mean?

C) Complete the following sentences:
1- Leila had a headache and felt tired because of ………………………………………….
2- Dr Hafez thought that Lander helped people to …………………………………………

D) Writing

8-Write a paragraph of about 100 words on:
“What happens when nature gets angry?”

9- A) Translate into Arabic:
A wise educational policy directs education towards fulfilling the needs of society. It also deals with its current and future problems. This leads to the welfare of both the individual and the society.

B) Translate into English:
1- نفخر بأن التعليم هو المشروع القومى الأول فى مصر.
2- لقد أصبح متاحا لكل طالب اقتناء جهاز حاسب آلى.