الوحدة 18 انجليزى الثانى الثانوى Unit 18: Global Issues

Unit 18: Global Issues

Key Vocabulary

ban يمنع / يحظر / منع / حظر greenhouse effect تأثير الصوبة
demand يطلب / طلب melt يذوب / ينصهر
dependence اعتماد issue قضية
hunger الجوع greenhouse gases غازات الاحتباس الحرارى
reduce يقلل surprisingly من المدهش
run out of يستنفذ / يستهلك pollution الثلوث
solve يحل global warming الاحتباس الحرارى
oil البترول / الزيت oil crisis أزمة البترول
carbon dioxide ثانى اكسيد الكربون ability قدرة
volcano بركان permission اذن / استئذان / سماح
erupt يثور (البركان) possibility احتمال
climate المناخ atmosphere الغلاف الجوى

Vocabulary

global problems مشكلات عالمية create يخلق
climate change تغير المناخ traffic noise ضوضاء المرور
smoke دخان traffic congestion تكدس المرور
shortage نقص rise ارتفاع / يرتفع
available متاح / متوافر flooding فيضان
officially بصورة رسمية flood فيضان / يفيض
state حالة food shortage نقص الطعام
severe lack نقص حاد migration الهجرة
fuel وقود mixture مزيج / خليط
public transport المواصلات العامة surround يحيط بـ
the wind الرياح trap يحجز
waves أمواج solid صلب
energy / power طاقة liquid سائل
generate يولد heat (v) يسخن
electricity كهرباء explode ينفجر
personally شخصيا explosion انفجار
feed / fed / fed يطعم melted rocks صخور منصهرة
need حاجة / يحتاج pole قطب
end ينهى extreme weather طقس متطرف
mental skill مهارة عقلية rainforests الغابات المطيرة
Physical power قوة بدنية Arctic منطقة القطب الشمالى
last يستمر Antarctic منطقة القطب الجنوبى
authority سلطة homeless مشرد / بلا مأوى
(1)
temperature درجة الحرارة light bulb مصباح اضاءة
degree Celsius درجة مئوية wind power طاقة الرياح
coastal areas مناطق ساحلية recycle يعيد استخدام
atmospheric conditions الظروف الجوية recycling اعادة الاستخدام
marks علامات / أثار individuals الأفراد
nearly تقريبا cans علب
sand storm عاصفة رملية local environment بيئة محلية
forms of energy أشكال الطاقة tips نصائح
barriers حواجز signs علامات
ice caps قمم جليدية alternatives بدائل
rapidly بسرعة efficient كفء

Prepositions, Idioms & Expressions

ban …. from يمنع ..... من do a project on يعد بحث عن
increase in زيادة فى make way for يفسح الطريق لـ
demand for الطلب على be planted with مزروع بـ
answers to حل لـ / اجابة لـ by public transport بالنقل العام
on certain days فى أيام معينة cut down on يقلل من
dependence on اعتماد على cut down trees يقطع الأشجار
on a big scale على نطاق واسع turn off يطفئ
escape from يهرب من break down يتعطل
breathe in يستنشق last for يستمر لمدة
breathe out يخرج زفير on the road فى الطريق
take in يمتص send ….. into يرسل ..... الى
come out of يخرج من make matters worse يجعل الأمور أسوأ
add to يضيف الى go up يزداد / يرتفع
at the poles عند القطبين reason for سبب لـ
all around the world فى كل أنحاء العالم worried about قلق على

Antonyms عكس الكلمات

Word Antonym
increase يزيد / يزداد reduce يقلل
melt يزوب freeze يتجمد
formal يتجمد informal غير رسمى
ban يمنع allow يسمح
possible ممكن impossible مستحيل
heat يسخن cool يبرد


(2)
Derivatives

Verb Noun Adjective
depend يعتمد dependence اعتماد dependent معتمد على
hunger الجوع hungry جائع
climate المناخ climatic مناخى
reduce يقلل reduction تخفيض reduced مخفض
solve يحل solution حل
atmosphere الغلاف الجوى atmospheric جوى
oil الزيت / البترول oily زيتى
erupt يثور eruption ثوران
pollute يلوث pollution التلوث pollutant مادة ملوثة
dust ينفض التراب dust التراب dusty مترب

Confusable Words

 run out / run out of:
 run out: finish ينفذ لا يتبعه مفعول به)
- We need to find forms of energy that will never run out.
 run out of: use up ; exhaust يستهلك (يتبعه مفعول به)
- We've run out of milk – can you go to the shop and get some?

 affect / effect:
 affect: (verb فعل) يؤثر على (لا تأخذ حرف جر)
- Smoking affects health badly.
 effect: (nounاسم ) فى حالة وجود اسم أو ضمير بعده) onتأثير (نستخدم حرف الجر
- Smoking has a bad effect on health.

 like / unlike:
 like: مثل
- Like most people, I’d prefer to have enough money, not to work.
 unlike: على العكس من / على النقيض من
- Dan's actually quite nice, unlike his father.
- Unlike you, I'm not a great dancer.

Language Notes

 get + adj. صفة: يصبح
- My coffee is getting old.

 cut: يقلل من / يحد من
- Countries do their best to cut traffic in the city centre.

 stop +v. + ing: يمنع
- Countries must stop destroying the rainforests.
(3)
 cause +مفعول + to + مصدر: يسبب
- The earthquake caused several buildings to collapse.

 as long as: طالما
- Plants can grow without soil as long as they get food from water.

 If + مضارع بسيط + مضارع بسيط: تستخدم للتعبير عن الحقائق العلمية
- If a volcano erupts, it sends out smoke and fire into the sky

 Choose the correct answer:
1- Unlike oil and gas, we will never run (out-out of-on-after) energy from the wind and the sun.
2- The (demand-supply-reprimand-requirement) for bottles of water increases in hot weather.
3- If there is not enough food, people can die of (anger-angry-hunger-hungry).
4- Countries should meet together to (answer-reply-answer-solve) the problem of global warming.
5- Some people believe we should (allow-permit-ban-enter) cars near schools.
6- In the future, more cars will use electricity instead (by-of-with-from) oil.
7- The world's (dependence-deduction-production-attention) on oil and gas would be reduced if we used more energy from the wind and the sun.
8- There would be less demand for oil if people travelled by (general-universal-global-public) transport.
9- Do you believe that there are answers (at-for-to-on) global warming?
10- The world is running (out of-out-after-into) oil.
11- You can borrow my car tomorrow (as much as-as long as-such as-as) you drive carefully.
12- When a volcano (erupts-emits-increases-enables), it sends out dust into the atmosphere.
13- Greenhouse gases stop heat (escaping-escape-escapes-to escape).
14- As individuals, we must all (introduce-increase-use-reduce) the carbon dioxide we produce.
15- Trees take (in-out-up-after) carbon dioxide and produce oxygen.
16- The ice in the Arctic and the Antarctic is (freezing-melting-boiling-heating) because of global warming.
17- People should be worried (by-of-with-about) climate change.
18- I'm (carrying-making-working-doing) a project on traffic in cities.
19- The oil (oasis-crisis-device-solution) is a shortage in the amount of oil available in the world.
20- Hunger is a serious problem. It's terrible that some people don't have enough food to eat.
21- (Coastal-postal-dusty-rusty) areas along the seas and the delta might flood and disappear under the water.
22- When a volcano (erupts-strikes-blows-explodes), it sends huge amounts of dust into the atmosphere.

(4)
23- Scientists believe that there are a number of (causes-effects-reasons-minds) for climatic changes.
24- Big rain forests absorb carbon dioxide and give (out-in-up-into) oxygen.
25- The change in regional climates could (affect-effect-affection-effective) crop yields and water supplies.
26- Planting trees alongside roads (increases-rises-raises-reduces) carbon dioxide.
27- If you pour hot water onto ice, it (runs-melts-floods-freezes).
28- Trees take (out-in-up-off-over) carbon dioxide and emit oxygen.
29- Human activities affect the amount of (greenhouse-blue house-red house-grey house) gases in the atmosphere.
30- The water in the kettle boiled and it (emitted-enabled-increased-erupted) steam.
31- Global warming causes the ice caps (melt-to melt-melting-melts).
32- All the beautiful old oak trees had been cut (out-off-in-down) to build houses.
33- (National- Global-International-Universal) warming is a problem that affects every country in the world.
34- Atomic bombs produce deadly (fossil-infrared-radiation-thunder storm).
35- I’m interested in listening to the weather (foresee-forget-forecast-forbid).
36- Burning (remains-animals-fuels-wood) in the atmosphere increases the amount of carbon dioxide in the air.
37- All world countries should find a (solution-reply-contribution-reference) to the problem of over-population.
38- A (hurricane-storm-flood-volcano) is a mountain that sends out smoke and fire.
39- Cutting down (rainforests-raincoats-rainbows-rainstorms) causes harm to the environment.
40- Some people believe we should (can-ban-plan-draw) cars near schools.

4- Find the mistake in each of the following sentences then write it correctly:
1- The flight was late because of atmosphere conditions.
2- When our car broke sown, it left oil marks on the road.
3- The erupt of the volcano lasted for nearly three days.
4- That old factory is pollution the air in our city.
5- After a sand storm, everything is very dust.
6- Do you know any reasons of the increase in temperature?
7- Countries can’t do much by their own.
8- Local warming is the increase in the earth's temperature due to carbon dioxide.
9- The volcano emitted and blew hot dust into the atmosphere.
10- Countries must stop destroying the rainbursts.
11- The main reason for the increase in carbon dioxide is burning feelings such as oil and gas.
12- Air population is smoke from cars and factories.
(5)
Grammar

1) Possibility الاحتمال
 للتعبير عن الاحتمال نستخدم can / could + inf.
 Some cars can use electricity. (This is possible)
 We could ban cars from cities. (This would be possible if we wanted to)
 He can't be Egyptian – he doesn't speak Arabic. (This is not possible)

2) Ability القدرة
 للتعبير عن القدرة فى الحاضر نستخدم
can + inf.
am / is / are + able to + inf.
am / is / are + capable of + v. + ing
have the ability to + inf.
 I can see very well without glasses.
= I have this ability.
 We can solve this problem.
= We have the ability to solve this problem
= It is possible for us to solve it.

 للتعبير عن قدرة عامة على عمل شئ فى الماضى نستخدم could / couldn’t + inf.
 I could swim at the age of six.
 I couldn't ride a bicycle until the age of nine.

 للتعبير عن قدرة محددة فى الماضى على الرغم من وجود صعوبة نستخدم
was / were + able to + inf.
managed to + inf.
succeeded in + v. + ing:
 I took my car to the garage this morning, where one of the mechanics was able to / managed to start it.
 I'd been trying to send that e-mail all day. Finally, I succeeded in sending it at six o'clock in the evening.

3) Permission الاذن
 للتعبير عن شئ مسموح به أو غير مسموح به فى المضارع نستخدم
can / can’t + inf.
 In some countries, you can drive at the age of 17.
(The law says this is permitted)
 In some cities, people can't use their cars every day.
(This is not permitted / it's against the law.)

 للتعبير عن شئ مسموح به أو غير مسموح به فى الماضى نستخدم
could / couldn’t + inf.
 In the past people could drive a car without passing a driving test.
(6)
 للتعبير عن أى شئ مسموح به فى المضارع و المستقبل نستخدم can / could + inf.
 You can / could borrow my camera tomorrow.

 يمكن أن نستخدم may للتعبير عن أى شئ مسموح به فى الحاضر أو المستقبل
 You may borrow my car tomorrow if you like.
 May I use your telephone, please?

 هناك طرق أخرى للتعبير عن الاذن و السماح مثل
am / is / are / allowed to + inf.
am / is / are / permitted to + inf.
am / is / are / prohibited
 You're allowed to walk on that street.
 You're permitted to go in that part of the building.
 Parking is prohibited near the government buildings.

 Choose the correct answer:
1- A hundred years ago, many people (can-can’t-could-couldn't) read or write.
2- By the ages of five, I (can-can’t-could-couldn't) swim 100 metres.
3- By the age of five, I (can-can’t-could-couldn't) go swimming on my own.
4- In my country, you (can-can’t-could-couldn't) go on public places until you are 18, even if you can drive.
5- We (can-can’t-could-couldn't) run out of oil in the next 20 years.
6- If there are too many cars in city centres, this (can-can’t-could-couldn't) create pollution.
7- If climate change gets worse, we could see the sea level rise causing flooding.
8- (Ought-May-Have-Don't) I ask you a few questions, please?
9- There is plenty of food in the world. We (can-won't-can’t-may not) feed everyone.
10- He worked on his bike for a long time. Finally, he (could-able-ability-managed) to mend it.
11- When I was younger I (could-can-was able-managed) stay up all night and not get tired.
12- (Should-Might-Will-Could) I speak to Mr Davis, please?
13- The doctors are doing all that they (shall-will-may-can), but she's still not breathing properly.
14- You (can-may not-should-can't) take any pictures here. The sign over there says, "No Photographing."
15- Accidents (can’t-mustn't-can-couldn’t) happen if there are too many cars in city centers.

 Find the mistake in each of the following sentences and write it correctly:
1- In the past, people can't find clean water, so there were a lot of diseases.
2- 3- Excuse me, should you tell me the way to the station, please?
(7)
She's been trying to pass her driving test for six years and she's finally managed in passing it.
4- She can the ability to do her job very efficiently.
5- We can end world hunger if we thought it was important enough.


Language Functions

Finding out about people’s opinions on climate change

Question Response
- Can I ask you some questions about climate change? - Yes, of course.
- Would you mind answering some questions? - No, I don’t mind at all.
- That’s fine.
- That’s OK.
- I wonder if I could ask you some questions. - Yes, with pleasure.
- No, I’m sorry; I’m very busy at the moment.
(8)
Test 18 (Unit 18 + Chapter 8)

A) Language Functions

1- Respond to each of the following situations:
1- You are doing a project on public transport. You want to find out information from a friend. What do you ask him?
2- A friend asks if they can interview you to find out your opinion on the environment. You are happy about this. What do you say?
3- You are doing a project on your local environment. You want some information from an important person in your town. What formal question do you ask?
4- Someone asks if they can interview you. Unfortunately, you have much to do. What do you say?

2- Say where each of the following two mini-dialogues take place and who the speakers are:
1- A: Can I help you, sir? Place:
B: I’d like to have my car filled, please. Speaker A:
A: How much? Speaker B:
B: 10 litres, please.

2- A: Can I help you, sir? Place:
B: Do you have good cameras? Speaker A:
A: Yes. This one is very good. Speaker B:
B: How much is it.
A: 125 pounds.

B) Vocabulary & Structure

3- Choose the correct answer from a, b, c, or d:
1- My mother had ………… sugar so she asked me to go and buy some more from the local shop.
a) run out of b) ended c) finished d) wanted
2- When you add hot water to ice, it will ……………….
a) disappear b) vanish c) melt d) go away
3- An active …………… is a terrifying thing. It may erupt at any time, and destroy all the area around it.
a) fire b) mountain c) volcano d) bomb
4- Humans breathe in oxygen, and breathe out …………, which is a gas that causes global warming.
a) carbon dioxide b) air c) nitrogen d) hydrogen
5- I have no choices, no ………… . There is only one thing that I can do.
a) chances b) chooses c) possibility d) possibilities
6- There is so much ……….. in my flat. I need to clean it at least once a day!
a) dirtiness b) dust c) pollution d) carbon dioxide
(9)
7- The ………… in Cairo is getting much worse. There are more and more cars, and sometimes it is almost impossible to drive.
a) traffic b) cars c) transport d) jam
8- Scientists say that the ………… is caused by an increase of gases in the atmosphere which raise temperatures on the earth and in the sea.
a) problem b) climate c) pollution d) greenhouse effect
9- We ……… do our homework because we were watching the football match!
a) could b) can’t c) can d) couldn’t
10- Most birds ……….. fly, but a few cannot.
a) could b) can’t c) can d) couldn’t
11- Two hundred years ago, not many people ………….. read or write.
a) could b) can’t c) can d) couldn’t
12- Driving a car while talking on a mobile phone ………… be dangerous.
a) could b) can’t c) can d) couldn’t
13- My mother told me that I ………. go and play with my friends if I do my homework first.
a) could b) can’t c) can d) couldn’t
14- Without my glasses I can't see what that is on the wall, but it …… be a spider.
a) could b) can’t c) can d) couldn’t
15- You ………… smoke inside the building. Smoking is forbidden indoors.
a) could b) can’t c) can d) couldn’t
16- If you go up to the roof of our building a fine day, you …… see the Pyramids.
a) could b) can’t c) can d) couldn’t

4- Find the mistake in each of the following sentences then write it correctly:
1- Ice at the Antarctic and the Arctic is freezing because of global warming.
2- When a volcano disappears, it sends dust into the atmosphere.
3- Apace is the mixture of gases that surrounds the earth.
4- You can drive at more than 40 km per hour. It’s against the law.
5- My brother can’t touch his head with his toes. He is able to do so.
6- In the past people can drive a car without passing a driving test.

C) Reading

5- Read the following passage, then answer the questions:
The celebration احتفالof Earth Day began in the city of San Francisco and was started by their mayor at the request of John McConnell. The first Earth Day celebration was held on March 21, 1970, which was the first day of spring.
Earth Day is important because it reminds us to stop and look at the problems of our environment. We need to make plans so as to recycle materials that are recyclable and to clean up our rivers, streams, lakes, and oceans. Pollution is causing danger to the air we breathe, our soil, and our water sources. Industries, automobiles, and others are releasing dangerous smoke in to our atmosphere and the air we breathe. This release can cause health problems to people living on Earth.
(10)
Each of us must do our part يلعب دوراto recycle and reuse products instead of throwing them away. The trash القمامة we deliver ينقل to our landfills أماكن إلقاء القمامةeach week is taking up valuable land and space we need for homes and farms.
Earth Day is now celebrated each year on April 22nd. Schools around the world take part in making sure that our world is a cleaner place. Students volunteer يتطوع to pick up trash قمامةat their schools, homes, and neighborhoods to do their part in helping our environment. Think about what you and your classmates can do to celebrate Earth Day this year. We can all do something.

A) Give short answers to the following questions:
1- Where did Earth Day begin?
2- Who requested this celebration of our Earth?
3- What does the underlined word ‘them’ refer to?

B) Choose the correct answer:
5-The smoke released in to the air we breathe by automobiles and industry is…………………………………..
a) healthy to breathe b) unhealthy to breathe
c) helpful to plants d) helpful to animals
6-What can we do to help keep trash out of our landfills?
a) don’t eat too much b) build homes
c) recycle materials d) none of these

6- Read the following passage, then answer the questions:
The food we eat seems to have profound عميق effects on our health. Though science has made enormous ضخمة steps in making food more fit ملائم to eat, It has, at the same time, made many foods unfit غير صالح to eat. Some research has shown that perhaps eighty percent of all human illnesses are related to مرتبط بـdiet الطعامand forty percent of cancer is related to the diet as well, especially cancer of the colon. Different cultures are more prone to عُرضة لـ contract يصاب بـ certain illnesses because of the food that is characteristic مُميِّز in these cultures. That food is related to illness is not a new discovery.
In 1945, government researchers realized that nitrates and nitrites, commonly عادةً used to preserve يحفظ colour in meats, and other food additives مواد مضافة, caused cancer. Yet, these carcinogenic مسبب للسرطان additives remain in our food, and it becomes more difficult all the time to know which things on the packaging تعليب labels of processed food are helpful or harmful. The additives, which we eat, are not all so direct. Farmers often give penicillin to beef and poultry, and because of this, penicillin has been found in the milk of treated cows. Sometimes similar drugs are administered تعطى to animals not for medical purposes, but for financial reasons. The farmers are simply trying to fatten يسمن animals in order to obtain a higher price on the market. Although the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has tried repeatedly to control these procedures, the practices continue.
(11)
A) Give short answers to the following questions:
1- What are nitrates used for?
2- How do farmers get a higher price for their animals on the market?
3- What does the underground pronoun “It” refer to?

B) Choose the correct answer from a, b, c, or d:
1- The word carcinogenic means most nearly the same as …………..
a) trouble-making b) money-making
c) colour-retaining d) cancer-causing
2- FDA means …………………………… .
a) Food Direct Additives b) Food and Drug Administration
c) Final Difficult Analysis d) Federal Dairy Additives

7-The Novel
A) Answer the following questions:
1- Why was Ayman rewarded by showing his photo on television?
2- Why didn’t the bites of the female spider kill Ayman?

B) Complete the following:
1- The congratulations suddenly stopped when Ayman’s family saw ……………..
2- The minister described Ayman Hassan as …………………………….………………..

C) Read the following quotation, then answer the questions:
"Keep very still Lamia. I want to take a photo.”
1- Why did Ayman ask Lamia not to move?
2- What happened to Ayman after taking the photo?

D) Writing

8- Write a paragraph about 100 words about:

The problem of pollution

9-Translation
A) Translate into Arabic:
One of the environmental problems is the slight rise in the temperature of earth. As the world becomes hotter, there could be serious changes in the weather and widespread flooding as water level in seas and oceans rises. The heavy rains in various parts of the world may be considered a warning to man to stop polluting the atmosphere.

B) Translate into English:
1- يحتاج الإنسان إلى الخضراوات و الفاكهة الطازجة التى تحتوى على مختلف الفيتامينات.
2- يؤثر ارتفاع درجة الحرارة فى العالم فى كل أنواع الحياة على الأرض.