شرح رائع للوحدة 18 انجليزى الثانى الثانوى

Unit 18
Global Issues
Ability قدرة Atmosphere غلاف جوى
Ban يمنع Demand طلب
Carbon dioxide ثانى أكسيد الكربون Dependence اعتماد
Erupt يثور Greenhouse effect احتباس الحرارة المعلقة فى الجو
Hunger جوع Melt يذوب
Reduce يقلل Run out of ينفد
Volcano بركان Temperature درجة الحرارة
Wind power قوة الرياح Air conditioning نظام التكييف
Alternatives بدائل Antarctic القطب الجنوبى
Arctic القطب الشمالى Climatic changes التغيرات المناخية
Congestion ازدحام Electric cars سيارات كهربية
Percent علامة فى المائة Available متاح
Seal level مستو سطح البحر Cooler رطب
Feed يطعم Unlike على عكس
Disappear يختفى Escape هروب / يهرب
Global warming الاحتباس الحرارى Homeless بلا ماوى
Individuals أفراد Migration هجرة
Natural reasons أسباب طبيعية Oil crisis أزمة نفط
Percentage نسبة مئوية Permission إذن
Personally شخصيا Profitable مربح
Rainforests غابات مطيرة Actually فى الحقيقة
Solar panel ألواح الطاقة الشمسية Solution حل
Suppose يفترض Wave موجة
Public transport النقل العام Mainly أساسا
Affect يؤثر على Petrol بنزين
Burn يحرق Fuel وقود
Plate لوحة معدنية Accept يقبل
Convenient مناسب The worst الأسوء
Traffic المرور Degree درجة
Recycle يعيد تصنيع Destroy يدمر
Greenhouse صوبة زجاجية Electricity كهرباء
Surface of the earth سطح الأرض

Idiomatic expressions
A shortage in / lack of / a deficiency in نقص فى
Energy-efficient light bulb لمبات موفرة للطاقة
On a big wide scale على نطاق واسع
Stop heat escaping تمنع تسرب الحرارة
To cut / reduce traffic pollution by تقلل تلوث المرور بنسبة
To find an alternative to يجد بديل لـ
Make matters worse يجعل الأمر أسوء
To reduce our dependence on يقلل اعتمادنا على
To reduce the demand for oil تقلل الطلب على البترول
Prepositions
Ban …from يمنع من Go up يزداد
Increase by يزداد بمقدار Last for يستمر لمدة
Plenty of وفرة من Send +شئ into يرسل ...لـ
Take in يمتص Break down يتعطل
Run out of ينفد Cut …by يقلل بمقدار
Instead of بدلا من End in تنتهى بـ
Reason for سبب لـ Cut down يقطع

How hot can the earth get?
Most people now accept the fact that the world's climate is changing. But why is this happening and what can we do about it?
Scientists believe that there are a number of natural reasons for climate change. One could be changes in how much heat we get from the sun. another could be volcanoes. When a volcano erupts, it send out dust into the atmosphere. This stops some of the sun's light and can make our climate cooler.
We have also been adding gases like carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. These greenhouse gases stop heat escaping , which increases the earth's temperature. This is called the greenhouse effect. The carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is increasing mainly because we burn fuels such as oil and gas. The fact that we continue to destroy the rainforests (which take in carbon dioxide and produce oxygen) make matters worse. If the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere continues to increase, scientists believe that by 2050, the temperature of the earth's surface could go up by 20 C.
How will global warming affect the world? it is now known that the ice at the Arctic and the Antarctic is melting. If this continues, sea levels will rise and some parts of the world will be flooded, making many people homeless.
So what can be done/ countries must stop destroying the rainforests and produce less carbon dioxide. And, as individuals, we must all reduce the carbon dioxide we produce. This can be done by people using cars only when the have to or by turning down air conditioning in summer.

Notes

Climate المناخ
Weather الطقس

Melt يذوب / نصهر
Dissolve يذوب / ينحل
If you leave the ice out it will melt.
Sugar dissolve easily in hot water.

Demand طلب
Request طلب استفسار
There a great demand on this article. سلعة
I have just had a request for information about hotels in Scotland.
Finish ينهى
End يعطى نهاية لـ
I want to finish my work now.
I want to end this conversation now.

Asking for permission
طلب الإذن
• Can I …?
• Could I …?
• May …?
• Would you mind + ing …?
• Would you mind if I could …?
• I was wondering if I could …?
• Is it Ok if I …?
Can I light the fire?
Would you mind raising your voice?
Is it Ok if I turn on the TV?



Say where these mini-dialogues are taking place and who the speakers are
A: Do you smoke?
B: Yes, I do.
A: How long?
B: for 4 years.
A: You should give up smoking if you want to recover.
B: Ok, I will do.


A: May I help you?
B: I am looking for a pair of shoes.
A: What size?
B: I am not sure.
A: I think these pair will fit you.

Choose the correct answer
1-Scientists believe that there are a number of natural (jobs / causes / changes / reasons)
2-Rain forests (emit / take in / increase / release) Co2.
3-(Selling / Making / Burring / Producing) fuels such as oil and gas leads to an increase in Co2.
4-It is believed by scientists that the temperature of the earth's surface may increase (of / by / in /at) 2 degree.
5-It is well known that the Arctic and Antarctic ice is (vaporizing / evaporate / melting / dissolving)
6-Global Warming is a problem that (affect / affects / effects / affection) the whole world.
7-To reduce the amount Co2 people should use their (cars / bicycles / buses / trains) only id necessary.
8-When a volcano (radiates / erupts / eradicates / emits), it sends huge amounts of dust into the atmosphere.
9-All governments and individuals must do their best to (produce / renew / reuse / reduce) Co2 emitted into the atmosphere.
10-Pollution and deforestation will certainly increase global (warning / unity / warmth / co-operation)
11-(Trees / Gases / Factories / Fumes) are important because they take in Co2 and produce oxygen.
12-Sceintists say that if the earth's surface temperature increase by 2 degrees, some places will (emerge / appear / disappear / escape) under water.
13-Greenhouse gas like Co2 stops (cold / heat / rain / warmth escaping.
14-The dust resulting from volcanic eruption (puts / gives /stops / blocks) the sun rays over large areas.
15-Oil and natural gases are called fossil (liquids / solids / gases / fuels)
16-How to solve the problem of climate (radiation / emission / change / eruption) ?
17-(Oxygen / Nitrogen / Carbon Dioxide / Hydrogen) is a poisonous gas. Luckily trees take it in.
18-Unlike oil and gases, we will never run (out / of / in / out of) energy from the wind and sun.
19-The (demand / pressure / temperature / solution) for bottles of water increases in hot weather.
20-Some people believe we should (allow / ban / permit / let) cars near schools.
21-Countries should meet together to (arise / solve / deal / arouse) the problem of global warming.
22-If there isn’t enough food, people can die of (hunger . hungry / thirst / anger)
23-In the future, more cars will use electricity instead of (fats / coal / petrol / water)
24-Oil is a (solid / liquid / fuel / gas) which is used to make petrol.
25-Do you think petrol, oil and gas will be our main (fuels / foods / food / solids) in the future?
26-A mixture of gases that are round the earth is called the (weather / climate / pressure / atmosphere)
27-To (melt / solidify / dissolve / gasify) means to change from sold to liquid because of heat.
28-(Solar / Electric / Display / Control) panels enable us to use energy from the sun.
29-A / An (flood / wave / volcano / earthquake) is a mountain that sends out smoke and molten rocks.
30-It is advisable for countries to (continue / stop / drive / increase) destroying the rain forests to reduce pollution.
31-The flight was late because of the (atmosphere / good / suitable / atmospheric) conditions.
32-When our car broke down, it left (oil / fault / fatty / gassy) marks in the road.
33-If every city in the world lessened the use of private care, we could (increase / cut / double / end) traffic pollution by 50%.
34-After a sand storm, everything is very (rainy / dusty / sunny / cloudy)
35-The (eradication / function / eruption / pressure) of the volcano lasted for 4 days.
36-This old factory is (purifying / cleaning / filtering / polluting) the air. It should be shut down.
37-I am (doing / giving / making / drawing) a project on climate change.
38-Would you (like / prefer / hate / mind) answering some questions?
39-Sometimes trees are cut (off / down / in / at) to make more land to grow crops.
40-The (demand / domain / demon / demanding) for the kidnappers to release the hostages has not been met.
41-What would happen if climate change gets (badly / worse / worst / well) than this?
42-Energy efficient light bulbs use less (fuel / electric / electricity / oil)
43-To reduce pollution, cars should be banned (of / in / on / at) cities.
44-(Public / Special / Private / Crowded) transport should be comfortable and cheap.
45-(Fire / Thirst / Hunger / Flood) is the worst problem, it is terrible for people not to have enough food to eat.
46-The government can't avoid the (need / desire / demand / demon) of homeless any longer.
47-Some people have no home, they are (homesick / homeless / homely / at home)
48-I think gas is the best (solid / pollutant / fuel / product) for central heating.
49-The oil crisis means a (plenty / shortage / surplus / affluence) in the amount of oil available in the world.
50-The country wants to reduce its (dependant / dependence / independence / dependable) on imported oil.
Find the mistake in each of the following sentences then write them correctly
1-How heat can the earth get?
2-To eruption means to send out smoke and fire.
3-The temperature of the earth can go down because of the increase in Co2.
4-Floods force people to leave their homes. They become homeland.
5-We must stop planting rainforests to reduce Co2.
6-Oil factories purify the air in our cit.
7-When a volcano boils, it sends out smoke and fire.
8-some places will be polluted and disappear under water.
9-Global issues need globally solutions.
10-After a sandstorm, everything is very cloudy.
11-When can we allowed to start work?
12- Co2 decreases the earth's temperature.
13-Must you open the door, please?
14-She was very tired so she can't help me with the housework.
15-Global warming dissolves Arctic and Antarctic ice.

Translate
1-Scientists and technologists in many countries are busy finding new ways of using our old rubbish. It now seems that there is some hope that we shall not run out of raw materials or ruin the countryside with rubbish dumps.
2-What exactly is tea? Basically it is a drink made from the dried leaves of a plant that only grows in hot countries. The British first heard of tea in 1598 and first tasted in about 1650.
1- توجد طرق عديدة لجعل مدينتنا مكان أفضل للعيش فيه.
2-ينبغى أن نتخذ الاجراءات الازمة لحل مشكلة التلوث بكافة صوره.
3-إن نقص الطعام هو المشكلة الملحة الناتجة عن زيادة السكان.
4-يجلب السياح الملايين من العملات الصعبة سنويا إلى الدول العربية.

Grammar
Can / Could
(ability / permission / possibility)
A)Ability القدرة
* Can يستطيع (فى المضارع)
I can see very well without my glasses now.
* Could استطاع (فى الماضى)
I could someone entering my house yesterday.
* be able to
He is able to talk two languages. (المضارع)
They were able to pay the money back. (الماضى)
**يفضل استخدام can / can't مع
I can't afford to + المصدر (ليس بوسعى)
I can't afford to change my car.
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لاحظ الآتى
**يفضل استخدام could مع أفعال الشعور والتفكير
Feel / smell / remember / taste / believe …
I could remember the crash but nothing after that.
تأتى مع تعبيرات معينة مثل
* The only (thing / time / place)
* all
All we could do was calling for help.

تأتى مع كلمات تدل على أن الشئ لم يحدث
Almost / hardly / just / nearly
I could hardly see anything.
I could nearly touch the ceiling.

تستخدم could فقط مع (I wonder if …)

I wonder if you could move you car a little.

تستخدم can / could فى الطلب والعرض
Can you open the door?
Could you give me your pen?
Can I help you?

B) Possibility احتمال حدوث الشئ
We could ban cars from cities.
He can't be Egyptian, he doesn’t speak Arabic.

C) Permission إذن / تصريح
* can / can't فى المضارع
In some countries, you can drive at the age of 17.
You can't travel without your passport.
Could / couldn’t فى الماضى
In the past, people could drive their cars without passing driving tests.

Other ways of permissionطرق أخرى للتعبير عن الأذن
• be allowed to
• be permitted to
• prohibited
You are allowed to walk on that street.
You are permitted to go in that part of the building.
Parking is prohibited near the government buildings.

Choose the correct answer
1-How many languages (can / may / able to / managed) you speak?
2-(Can / Are / May / Could) you able to concentrate on your work when the children are at home?
3-Whenever you pass their house, you (could / can / able to / may) hear them arguing.
4-(Did / Are / Can / Could) you manage to find a taxi?
5-You (can / could / may / succeed in) pay by installment. You are allowed to do that.
6-If it rains, we (can / could / able to / managed to) hold the party indoors. It will be possible.
7-You (can / able to / could / managed to) borrow this radio until tomorrow.
8-She lives in Paris but she speaks English with Scottish accent. She (can / may / could / can't be) French.
9-I am sorry, you (can't / can / may / could) smoke in the hospital. It is prohibited.
10-Grandpa is getting old, he (can / can't / could / may) hear well.
11-It is possible that the weather is hot in Delhi. This means that the weather (can / could / can't /able to) be very hot there.
12-Surely he (can / can't / may / will) be working at this time of the night. It too late.
13-Ahmed enjoys English classes, but he (can / can't / may / couldn’t) spell very well.

Find the mistake in each of the following sentences then write them correctly
1-A hundred years ago, many people can't read or write.
………………………………………………………………………………………….
2-You can borrow my car as long as you drive carefully. This is possibility.
………………………………………………………………………………………….
3-by the age of five, I could swim 100 meters. This is permission.
………………………………………………………………………………………….
4-We could run out of oil in the next 20 years, this is a future permission.
………………………………………………………………………………………….
5-In my country, you can't go on public roads until you are 18 this means you are allowed.
………………………………………………………………………………………….
6-There's plenty of food, do we may not feed everyone.
………………………………………………………………………………………….
7-We are able to solve these problems. We could over come them.
………………………………………………………………………………………….
8-We can end world hunger if we thought it was important enough.