شرح كامل للوحدة 14 لغة انجليزية الثالث الثانوى المرحلة الثانية

Unit 14: Greene: Travels With Aunt

Tape Script

Presenter: Good afternoon. In today’s programme, our subject is the twentieth-century British novelist Graham Greene. We’re going to hear from John McGregor. Welcome to the programme, John. Could you start by telling us a few facts about Graham Greene's life?
McGregor: Hello. I only met Graham Greene once, but I've long been interested in his life. He was born in 1904, and was the fourth of six children. Although his father was a school teacher, his wider family was wealthy and influential in the world of banking and business. Graham was very unhappy at school because he was regularly bullied. On leaving school, he went to Oxford University, where he studied history.
Presenter: When did he start writing?
McGregor: Well, while he was at Oxford, he wrote a few poems, but they were not very successful. After graduating, he became a journalist, working on local newspapers and then for a national paper.
Presenter: And when did he write his first novel?
McGregor: His first successful novel, Stamboul Train was published in 1932. It was later made into a film
Presenter: Quite a lot of his stories were made into films, weren't they?
McGregor: Yes, probably the most famous was The Third Man.
Presenter: Did he earn enough money from his novels to live on?
McGregor: No, he didn't earn enough at firs! So he wrote book and film reviews for magazines and newspapers. Then, during the Second World War, he worked for the British government in Africa.
Presenter: Did he enjoy travelling?
McGregor: Yes, he did, and many of his books were based on his travels. He particularly liked wild, remote places. In 1935, he went to Liberia, and wrote a travel book about his experience. In 1938, he travelled to Mexico which is where I met him.
Presenter: And in his later years, he went to live abroad, didn't he?
McGregor: That's right, he moved lo Switzerland, lie died there in 1991.
Presenter: How do you think Graham Greene will be remembered?
McGregor: As a fantastic storyteller. The unusual thing about Graham Greene was that his books were popular with ordinary people, but were also regarded as great literature. I believe people will read his books for many years.
Presenter: And what sort of a man wan he?
McGregor: Well, he was married and had two children, but he always wanted the excitement of foreign travel and he was quickly bored by daily routines. Despite his being known as a difficult man, I got on very well with him.
Presenter: John McGregor, thanks very much.

(1)
Reading: Travels With My Aunt

 Henry Pulling is a retired bank manager and lives a very conventional life. His mother dies just after he retires. At the funeral, he meets his Aunt. Augusta, a woman in her seventies who he has not seen for 50 years. Aunt Augusta has travelled all over the world. From everything she says, it is obvious that Augusta has lived an adventurous unconventional life
 After the funeral, Henry and Augusta meet again and, despite having very different personalities, they get on well. Augusta tells Henry things about his family that he never knew. Augusta then persuades Henry to go travelling with her, at first to places in England, but gradually to more exciting destinations. Until now, Henry has lived, a quiet life; most of the people he knows are bank customers or colleagues.
 One day, Augusta tells Henry she is taking him to Istanbul. He is surprised by this sudden announcement. He is used to planning everything he does, but Augusta is always spontaneous and seems to make decisions without thinking. On the journey to Istanbul, Henry finds out more about his aunt's unusual lifestyle and her past. As they travel, Henry sees new cultures for the first time and Augusta introduces him to her old friends who all have exciting and unusual stories to tell. Henry is often surprised by what he hears, but begins to enjoy himself more and more.
 When he returned to England, Henry enjoys his retirement looking after the flowers in his garden, but he is a changed man. He misses his aunt and her interesting friends, and Augusta has shown him a new way of looking at the world.


Key Vocabulary

banking الصرافة / أعمال البنوك conventional تقليدي / متمسك بالأعراف والتقاليد
bully بلطجي / يمارس البلطجة find out يكتشف / يتوصل لمعلومات
excitement إثارة funeral جنازة
influential مؤثر / ذو نفوذ lead to يؤدي إلي
regard … as يعتبر lifestyle أسلوب حياة
storyteller راوي القصة spontaneous تلقائي
adventurous مغامر spontaneously بشكل تلقائي

Vocabulary

story-telling قص القصص threaten يهدد
travel destination جهة السفر hopeful مفعم بالأمل
travels رحلات influence يؤثر / تأثير
location موقع / مكان graduate يتخرج / خريج
postcard بطاقة بريدية graduation التخرج
frighten يُخيف journalist صحفي
(2)
a film review عرض نقدي لفيلم national paper صحيفة قومية
remote places الأماكن النائية local papers صحف محلية
fantastic رائع a specific situation موقف محدد أو معين
foreign travel السفر للخارج warning تحذير
daily routines الأعمال الروتينية اليومية lifeblood شريان الحياة
modern life الحياة الحديثة the press الصحافة
the world of banking عالم البنوك والصرافة public opinion الرأى العام
yield غلة / محصول coffin كفن
a waste of time مضيعة للوقت travel agency وكالة سفر
clap يصفق travel agent سفريات
a children’s charity مؤسسة خيرية للأطفال travel expenses نفقات السفر
banker مدير بنك / من كبار موظفي البنك travel companion رفيق السفر
bank manager مدير بنك travel company شركة سياحية
ceremony مراسم a single ticket تذكرة ذهاب فقط
retire يتقاعد a return ticket تذكرة ذهاب وعودة
retired bank manager مدير بنك على المعاش mourners المشيعون
obvious واضح mourning الحداد
an adventurous life حياة مليئة بالمغامرات funeral ceremony مراسم الجنازة
unconventional life حياة غير تقليدية banking system نظام الصرافة
bank customer عميل البنك bank account حساب مصرفى
sudden announcement إعلان مفاجئ bankrupt يفلس / مفلس
spontaneous عفوي / تلقائي draft order حوالة بريدية
unusual lifestyle أسلوب حياة غير معتاد traveller’s check شيك سياحى
retirement تقاعد hobby هواية
without thinking بدون تفكير customs الجمارك
expedition رحلة استكشافية book = reserve يحجز
illustration توضيح convention centre مركز للمؤتمرات

Prepositions, Idioms & Expressions

have an influence on له تأثير على wake up يستيقظ
have an effect on له تأثير على make decisions يتخذ قرارات
work on a newspaper يعمل في صحيفة go travelling with يسافر مع
earn money from يكسب مالا من open people's eyes to يفتح عيون الناس علي
tell a story يروى قصة enjoy the company of يستمتع بصحبة
make a story into a film يحول قصة لفيلم tolerant of متسامح مع
live on يعيش علي (دخل أو طعام) all over the world في أنحاء العالم
popular with محبوب من on the journey to أثناء الرحلة إلي
get on well with يكون علي علاقة طيبة مع regardless of بغض النظر عن
cruel to قاسى علي in a different way بطريقة مختلفة
make money يكسب مالا by convention حسب العُرف
give up يقلع عن share ……. with يشارك فى ..... مع
(3)
hear about يسمع عن change people for the better يغير الناس للآفضل
look after يعتنى بـ different from مختلف عن

Antonyms كلمات و عكسها

Word الكلمة Antonym العكس
conventional تقليدي unconventional غير تقليدي
traditional قديم / تقليدى modern حديث
regard يعتبر disregard يتغاضى عن
obvious واضح ambiguous غامض
lead يقود mislead يضلل
tolerant متسامح intolerant غير متسامح
danger خطر safety أمان
spontaneous تلقائي planned/calculated مُخطط / محسوب
excitement إثارة boredom الملل

Derivatives المشتقات

Verb فعل Noun اسم Adjective صفة Adverb ظرف
influence يؤثر علي influence تأثير influential مؤثر /ذو نفوذ
bully يمارس البلطجة bullying البلطجة
bully بلطجي
excite يثير excitement إثارة exciting مثير
excited منفعل / فرحان excitedly بانفعال
bank يودع فى البنك banking الصرافة
banker مدير بنك
spontaneity تلقائية spontaneous تلقائي Spontaneously تلقائيا
adventure مغامرة adventurous مغامر
convention تقليد conventional تقليدي conventionally تقليديا

Definitionsتعريفات

Banking الصرافة the business of a bank
Bully يمارس البلطجة to frighten someone or threaten to hurt them, especially if they are weaker or smaller than you
Excited فرحان happy, interested or hopeful because something good has happened or is expected
Excitement إثارة the feeling of being excited
Influential مؤثر /ذو نفوذ having a lot of influence
Influence تأثير to have an effect on the way someone or something develops, behaves or thinks

(4)
Regard يعتبر to think about someone or something in a particular way
Storyteller راوي القصة someone who tells stories
Adventurous مغامر exciting and involving danger
Conventional تقليدي thinking and behaving in the normal and traditional way
find out يكتشف to get information about something or someone
Funeral جنازة a ceremony for someone who has just died
lead to يؤدي إلي to cause something to happen
Lifestyle أسلوب حياة the way that someone lives, including their work and activities, and what things they own
Spontaneous تلقائي something that is done because you want to do it, not because you planned to do it

Confusable Words

travel السفر عموما (لا تجمع) tour جولة سياحية
travels رحلات voyage رحلة (بحرية / فضائية)
journey رحلة طويلة (برية / جوية) cruise رحلة بحرية من أجل المتعة
trip رحلة قصيرة (لها غرض معين) flight رحلة طيران
picnic نزهة خلوية (تتضمن تناول وجبة)
expedition رحلة استكشافية (رحلة منظمة لأماكن غير مألوفة) / رحلة قصيرة لغرض معين
Ex: I think space travel costs so much money.
He wrote a book about his travels around the Far East.
His wife accompanied يصطحب him on his journey to America.
He travelled to London on a business trip.
If the weather's nice we could have a picnic in the park.
We're going on a shopping / hunting expedition on Saturday.
We went on a guided tour round Luxor.
During their voyage at sea, a storm blew.
He went on a Nile cruise with his friends.
Flight No 765 from London was late for an hour.

spontaneous عفوي / تلقائي / بدون تخطيط simultaneous شيء يحدث في نفس الوقت
Ex: His jokes seemed spontaneous, but were in fact carefully prepared beforehand.
There were several simultaneous explosions in different cities.

Language Notes

good at + v. + ing ماهر فى / جيد فى
Ex: He was good at telling exciting stories.

Whatever you do تعبير يستخدم في الحديث لتحذير شخص من شيء ما (إياك أن ..)
Ex: Don’t tell Paul, whatever you do!
Whatever you do, don't move.

(5)
am / is / are + used to + v. + ing يعتاد على (عادة مستمرة)
was / were + used to + v. + ing اعتاد على (تدل على عادة فى الماضى)
used to + inf. مصدر اعتاد على (تدل على عادة فى الماضى)
Ex: He is used to getting up early.
He was used to smoking when he was young.
He used to smoke when he was young.

 لاحظ أن الصفات المنتهية بـ ed تصف العاقل و الصفات المنتهية بـ ing تصف غير العاقل.
interested مهتم interesting شيق
tired يشعر بالتعب tiring متعب
relaxed مسترخى relaxing مريح للآعصاب
amazed مندهش amazing مدهش
excited منفعل / فرحان exciting مثير
bored متضجر boring ممل


Language Functions

Giving warning Replies
Be careful! This is a really busy road.
It's OK. I wouldn't cross if a car was coming.
If you don't take care, you will fall off the ladder. Don't worry. I'll be careful.
Watch out! There's a snake in front of you. Thank you for your warning.
Watch out! There’s a car coming! It’s OK. I’ve seen it.
Whatever you do, don’t forget your keys! You’ll need them later. It’ll be fine. I always keep them in my school bag.
Be careful! That plate is really hot! If you touch it, you’ll burn yourself. Don’t worry. I won’t pick it up until it is cool.

 Respond to the following situations:
1- You see a snake in front of your friend. You warn him.
2- A friend is going to cross the road. You see a car coming. You warn him.
3- Your brother warns you not to pick the plate up as it is hot. What do you say?
4- You warn your little brother who always plays with matches.

 Choose the correct answer:
1- Some people (regain-regard-restore-remind) playing computer games as a waste of time.
2- Charles Dickens was one of the nineteenth century's most famous (storytellers-story sellers-fortunetellers-story covers).
3- After the (excite-exciting-excited-excitement) of the day, the children couldn't sleep.
4- Many people agree that Shakespeare is the most (personal-affect-influential-effect) writer in the English language.
5- Children who (mix-bully-reward-play) other children at school should be sent home.
(6)
6- I've always been (interested-interesting-interests-interest) in animals. That's why I’d like to work in a zoo.
7- She finds long train journeys very (tired-tires-tiredness-tiring). She really doesn't enjoy them.
8- He felt very (relaxing-relaxed-relaxation-relax) after his holiday. He had had a really lovely time.

9- You'd love Australia. It's an (amazement-amazed-amazing-amaze) place.
10- Jurassic Park is one of the most (excited-exciting-excitement-excites) films I've ever seen.
11- I get (bore-bores-boring-bored) if I have nothing to do.
12- My cousin is very (adventurous-clever-kind-cowardly). He went on an expedition to the mountains last year.
13- I'm not as (adventurous-cowardly-spontaneous-brave) as my friend. She does things as soon as she thinks of them.
14- That man is not doing enough exercise. This can sometimes (lead-make-do-result) to health problems.
15- I want to (find-make-do-receive) out some information. I'll look on the internet.
16- They live in the country. They have a different (lifetime-lifestyle-lifelong-lifeline) from people in cities.
17- The politician died last week. Thousands of people attended the (conference-feast-funeral-festival).
18- She likes unusual, modern houses. Her sister prefers traditional, (conventional-poor-social-economic) architecture.
19- My cousin believes in (spontaneity-spontaneous-spontaneously-sponge). He never plans what he's going to do.
20- I didn't think about what I was doing. I just did it (spontaneity-spontaneous-spontaneously-sponge).
21- Our holiday to Australia was a great (research-influential-adventure-party). We spent two months exploring the country.
22- In some countries, it is the (convention-funeral-excitement-habit) to shake hands whenever you meet someone.
23- His family was wealthy and influential in the world of (bank-banker-banked-banking) and business.
24- He (won-earned-gained-wasted) enough money from his novels to live on.
25- (Obvious-Adventurous-Anxious-Dangerous) means exciting and involving danger.
26- He wrote book and film (views-crews-reviews-revision) for magazines and newspapers.
27- Graham Greene’s books were popular (to-for-at-with) ordinary people.
28- Despite his being known as a difficult man, I (get on-get up-get off-get in) very well with him.
29- He persuaded her to go (travelling-travel-travelled-travels) with him to more exciting destinations.
30- (At-On-In-While) the journey to France, he finds out more about his aunt's unusual lifestyle and her past.
31- Grandparents can (divide-care-cut-share) their experiences with their grandchildren.
32- Mr Ali is a (retire-retired-retirement-retiring) bank manager.
(7)
33- Our survey indicates that one in four children is (bullied-faded-buried-pretended) at school.
34- Don't let anyone (bury-carry-bully-hurry) you into doing something you don't want to do.
35- To (predict-influence-affectionate-bully) means to have an effect on the way someone or something develops, behaves or thinks.
36- He is used to (plan-planned-plans-planning) everything he does.
37- My (adventurous-ambitious-spontaneous-religious) reaction was to run away.
38- Playing together teaches children social (collections-combinations-comparisons-conventions) such as sharing.
39- To (bully-apply-bull-skull) means to frighten someone or threaten to hurt them, especially if they are weaker or smaller than you.
40- (Strenuous-Stimulus-Spontaneous-Serious) means something that is done because you want to do it, not because you planned to do it.
41- A (lifestyle-lifeboat-lifetime-lifeblood) is the way that someone lives, including their work and activities, and what things they own.
42- Children can be very cruel to each other.
43- A (concert-festival-funeral-feast) is a ceremony for someone who has just died.
44- (International-Conventional-Emotional-Functional) means thinking and behaving in the normal and traditional way.
45- Regular exercise is part of a healthy (lifelong-lifestyle-life cycle-life story).
46- We lived (on-by-with-from) very little when we first got married.
47- Walid likes to do his (books- banking-research-finance) at the ATM or online.
48- He wanted to know what was in the box, but his mother told her she would have to wait until her birthday to (bully-lead-find out-look out).
49- If you look (for-after-at-into) your clothes they last a lot longer.
50- People are more (tolerant-cruel-fierce-unkind) of children in public places.

 Find the mistake in each of the following sentences then write them correctly:
1- Charles Dickens is regards by some as the greatest writer of his time.
2- In some countries, the internet has become more influence than newspapers in shaping politics.
3- Hany is very good at story-teller. Have him tell you a joke some time.
4- Pulling is dangerous and should never be tolerated.
5- Wow! That was an excitement ending.
6- You should have told me! I shouldn’t have found up this way.
7- Selim is so depressed. He had to attend two weddings this week.
8- Mona is impolite and even cruel to old people. She has no regardless for them.
9- Watch on! There’s a car coming.
10- Despite having very different personalities, they get off well.
11- He was quickly boring by his daily routines.
12- He was very unhappy at school because he was regularly bullying.
13- He is a retired bank manager and lives a professional life.
14- I love working abroad and meeting people from different captains.
15- He has very unusual stories to speak.
(8)
16- Why are you so pessimistic? You should take at life in a different way.
17- The village people tried very hard to maintain their traditional lifespan.
18- Travel can close people's eyes to different ways of life.
19- His jokes seemed spontaneously, but were in fact carefully prepared beforehand.

 Translate into Arabic:
1- It is said that television has destroyed the art of conversation and made people unhappy by forcing them to want things they do not need. On the other hand, it helps people to update their knowledge of the world affairs, as they can see current events in different parts of the world the moment they occur.
2- Practising activities at school is of great importance. Teachers should encourage their students to participate effectively in school activities. Such activities help students to learn some values like co-operation, respect for others, self-confidence and perseverance.

 Translate into English:
1- لقد أصبح التلفزيون وسيلة لنشر المعرفة ويستمتع بمشاهدته الكبار والصغار على حد السواء.
2- إن العدل الاجتماعى هو الشرط الأساسى للسلام والاستقرار لأى مجتمع.


Language Focus

Linking words (Conjunctions) الروابط

Linkers of addition روابط الإضافة

و هى روابط تستخدم فى ربط فكرتين أو أكثر.
 and: واو العطف (تربط اسمين أو فعلين)
- We went to the market and the zoo.

 Besides + v. + ing: بالاضافة الى
- Besides cooking for twenty people, she did the washing up.

 In addition to + v. + ing: بالاضافة الى
- In addition to going to the market, we went to the zoo.

 In addition + جملة:
- We went to the market. In addition, we went to the zoo.

 As well as + v. + ing : بالإضافة إلى (الفاعل واحد فى الجملتين)
- As well as going to the market we went to the zoo.
 اذا استخدمت as well as في ربط جملتين يختلف فيهما الفاعل ، فان الفعل يتبع الفاعل الأول.
- I as well as he have a car.
 تربط as well as مفعولين أو صفتين مختلفين.
- Hala plays the guitar as well as the piano.
- Rania is talented as well as beautiful.
(9)
 not only …………., but also ……….……: ليس فقط ... و لكن أيضا
 not only …… .….., but …….….. as well: ليس فقط ..... و لكن أيضا
 تأتى not only قبل الفعل الأساسى أو بعد الفعل المساعد فى الجملة الأولى.
- We not only went to the market but also we went to the zoo.
- We not only went to the garden, but we went to the zoo as well.
 إذا بدأنا بـNot only تكون الجملة الأولى على شكل سؤال.
- Not only did we go to the market, but also we went to the zoo.
 إذا ربطت Not only……but also ….. فاعلين مختلفين فان الفعل يتبع الفاعل الثانى.
- Not only Tom but also his brothers play music.

 Both ……… and ……… : كلا من ..... و ..... (الفاعل جمع)
- Both Engy and Monica play musical instruments.

 Neither …….. nor ……….. : لا ...... و لا .......... (الفعل يتبع الفاعل الثانى)
- Neither Dina nor her friends study Spanish at school.

Linkers of Cause الروابط الدالة على السبب

 Because / As / Since + جملة : لأن (يأتى بعدها جملة السبب)
- He was late for school because he missed the bus.
- Since/As he had no money, he couldn’t buy a bicycle.

 Due to / Owing to
 Because of / Through + v. + ing /اسم / صفة + اسم: بسبب
 On account of / Thanks to
 تستخدم v + ing إذا كان الفاعل واحد في الجملتين
- We lost the match due to / through bad play.
- We didn’t play the match owing to bad weather.
- He went to the doctor because of his illness.
- He went to the doctor because of being ill.
- Thanks to science and technology, Egypt has achieved progress.
 الفعل المضاف له ing ينفي باستخدام not قبله:
- He couldn't pay his debts due to not having any money.

 Being + adj. صفة:
- Being ill, he went to the doctor.
- Being clever, he passed the exam.

Therefore و لهذا السبب - consequently :نتيجة لذلك
That’s whyو لهذا السبب - So لذلك :
و يأتى قبلها جملة السبب و بعدها جملة النتيجة
- I got a good degree, therefore / so I didn’t have difficulty getting a job.
- I felt ill. That’s why / Consequently I went to bed.

(10)
Linkers of Contrast الروابط الدالة على التناقض

 Although / Though / Even though / Even if + بالرغم من :جملة
 However + صفة / ظرف + فاعل + :فعل بالرغم من
 صفة/ ظرف + as + فاعل + فعل: بالرغم من
- Although he is young, he is strong.
- However young he is, he is strong
- Young as he is, he is strong.
 لاحظ ترتيب الجمل مع although / though / even though حيث أن الحدث غير المتوقع يأتي في الجملة الثانية. و في المثال السابق نجد أن الحدث غير المتوقع هو He is strong

 Whatever + مفعول + فاعل + فعل / اسم + v. to be / اسم : بالرغم من
- Whatever mistakes he makes, I respect him.
- Whatever his mistakes (are), I respect him.

 but و لكن/ however و مع ذلك/ yet و مع ذلك :
- He is young, but / However he is strong.
- He is young. However he is strong.

 In spite of / Despite + v. + ing / اسم/ صفة + :اسم بالرغم من
 In spite of / Despite + the fact that + جملة:
- Despite (In spite of) being ill, he passed the exam.
- Despite (In spite of) his illness, he passed the exam.
- Despite (In spite of) the fact that he was ill, he passed the exam.

Linkers of Purpose الروابط الدالة على الغرض

 so that فاعل + will / can / may + مصدر (مضارع)
in order that +
in the hope that فاعل + would / could / might + مصدر (ماضى)

- He goes to school so that he can learn.
- I went to the football match early so that he could get a good seat.
Ÿ فى حالة النفى نستخدم won’t فى المضارع و wouldn’t فى الماضى
- I had a big breakfast so that I wouldn’t be hungry later in the day.

 to / so as to / in order to + مصدر: لكى
- He goes to school to / so as to / in order to learn.
Ÿ فى حالة النفى نستخدم so as not to / in order not to
- I had a big breakfast so as not to be hungry later in the day.

Linkers of Result الروابط الدالة على النتيجة

 فاعل+ فعل + so + صفه / ظرف + that + جملة: جدا لدرجة أن
- He was so clever that he answered all questions.
- She ran so quickly that she could catch the train.
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 فاعل+ فعل + such + a / an + (صفة) + اسم مفرد + that + جملة:
فاعل+ فعل + such + (صفة) + اسم جمع أو اسم لا يعد + that + جملة:
- It was such a hot day that we decided to stay indoors.
- These are such tight shoes that I can't wear them.
 لاحظ أنه يمكن استخدام اسم فقط مع such ….. that في حالة عدم وجود صفة
- He was such a coward that he ran away from the battlefield.

فاعل + فعل + صفة / ظرف + enough to + مصدر + …..
جدا لدرجة أن (تفيد الإثبات)
- He is rich enough to buy an expensive car.
- The test was easy enough for him to pass.

 فاعل+ فعل + too + صفة / ظرف + to + مصدر + …..:
جدا لدرجة أن لا (تفيد النفى)
- Ali is too weak to walk.
- The tea is too hot for me to drink.
لاحظ أن الصفات المحببة تأتى مع enough أما الصفات غير المحببة تأتى مع too
- He is clever enough to do the test.
- He is too ill to go to work.

Linkers of Condition الروابط الدالة على الشرط

 Unless + (…….. جملة (فاعل + فعل مثبت : ما لم
 If +(…….. جملة (فاعل + فعل: إذا
- He won’t go to sleep unless you tell him a story.
- He won’t go to sleep if you don’t tell him a story.

Linkers of Time الروابط الدالة على الزمن

 While + past continuous + past simple / past continuous: بينما
- While I was reading the newspaper, I fell asleep.
- While father was watching TV, mother was cooking.
 إذا جاء فعل to be بعد while يُستخدم في الماضي البسيط:
- I read the book while I was on the plane.
- My car was stolen while I was on holiday.
 في حالة عدم وجود فاعل بعد while يُستخدم فعل مضاف له ing :
- While reading the newspaper, I fell asleep.

 After + past perfect / past simple + past perfect:
- After he had graduated / graduated, he found a job.
 في حالة عدم وجود فاعل بعد after يُستخدم فعل مضاف له ing :
- After graduating, he found a job.

 when + past perfect / past simple + past simple: عندما
- When I had got / got home, I did my homework.
 يمكن أن نستخدم on بدلا من when و يليها فعل مضاف له ing :
- On getting home, I did my homework.
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 before + past simple + past perfect / past simple قبل
- Before I went to bed, I had phoned / phoned my friend.
 في حالة عدم وجود فاعل بعد after يُستخدم فعل مضاف له ing :
- Before going to bed, I had phoned / phoned my friend.

 Choose the correct answer:
1- I’ve been feeling tired all week, (because-so-but-however) I’m going to bed early tonight.
2- On (hearing-heard-had heard-hears) the good news, everyone smiled and clapped.
3- (As-However-Despite-Although) we ran as fast as we could, we missed the bus.
4- She phoned me (so-but-because-although) she wanted to know what time I was leaving home.
5- After he (lost-has lost-loses-losing) his job, Ali worked for a children's charity.
6- They told him he was sure to pass the test, (but-so-because-through) he didn't believe them.
7- (If-Unless-While-What) I was on holiday, I took some great photos.
8- (Although-Because-Despite-In spite) it never usually rains in Egypt, some European tourists bring umbrellas with them.
9- It's my mother's birthday soon, (so-as-but-because) I want to buy her a present.
10- We couldn't buy the newspaper (because-though-despite-but) the shop was closed.
11- (Although-Because-Despite-But) really enjoying the book you lent me, I haven't finished it yet.
12- (When-On-During-While) they saw the road accident, the cars drove more slowly.
13- After (had played-have played-played-playing) football, the boys had a shower.
14- I'd like to work as a research scientist (after-before-while-during) I graduate.
15- (If-On-Without-In case) answering the phone, I heard a small child.
16- I've read the book, (but-so-if-when) I haven't seen the film yet.
17- (Because-Although-So-When) I have not seen him before, I knew who he was.
18- (In spite-Although-Despite-Because) being nearly 60 years old, Ali still plays football every week.
19- Before (gone-going-has gone-had gone) to bed, Ali did his science homework.
20- He was happy (although-despite-as well as-as) he got 98% in the maths test.
21- (While-Because-Although-So) he was on holiday, my brother met an old friend.
22- (Although-Therefore-But-While) visiting Egypt, most tourists take photos.
23- (While-But-Besides-After) he graduated, he worked in an oil company.
24- After (typed-had typed-types-typing) the reports, she saw a movie.
25- (After-Although-Despite-But) we'd never met before, we got on very well.
26- He was unhappy at school (although-because-so-but) he was regularly bullied.
27- While he (is-was being-was-had been) at Oxford, he wrote a few poems.
28- (Although-Owing to-So-Despite) being known as a difficult man, I got on very well with him.
29- (While-Despite-After-Because) graduating, he became a journalist.
30- The captain as well as the sailors (was-were-have been-are) responsible for what had happened.

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31- Not only (he obeys-does he obey-obeys he-he will obey) his parents, but he respects them as well.
32- We had to change the plans (because-so-as-owing to) problems we hadn’t expected.
33- I missed the bus (because-so-as-since) I was late for work.
34- I couldn’t get to sleep (because-as-because of-since) the noise.
35- The food smelt wonderful, (despite-however-so-because) she didn’t even try it.
36- (Whatever-However-Although-But) quickly you run, you will miss the train.
37- Our team tried hard (although-despite-but-so) they lost the game by two goals.
38- (However-As-Although-But) I spent a lot of money, I didn’t get what I wanted.
39- He won’t do any work for you (if-so-unless-as long as) you pay him.
40- I'll go home soon (if-unless-if not-without) the film doesn't start.
41- He goes to school so that he (could-would-shall-can) learn.
42- He wore glasses (so that-so as to-in order-to) nobody would recognize him.
43- We arrived early (so as-in order to-so that-as) get a good seat at the match.
44- He trained hard (in order to-in order that-so as-so that) win the race.
45- He isn’t (tall enough-too tall-so tall-such tall) to touch the ceiling.
46- This mobile phone is (too-enough-very-such) expensive for him to buy.
47- He was (so-such-very-too) a coward that he ran away from the battlefield.
48- These are (so-very-such a-such) tight shoes that I can't wear them.
49- The suit was cheap (so-such-too-enough) for him to buy.
50- It was (so-too-such-such a) rainy day that we stayed indoors.

 Find the mistake in each of the following sentences then write them correctly:
1- Although being very tired, I continued working.
2- I fell asleep although I was watching a long film.
3- After I went to sleep last night, I read my book.
4- While was flying into Cairo, I saw the Pyramids of Giza.
5- Last week, as well as we went to the club, we went to the cinema.
6- Ali as well as his friends are going to the concert.
7- Not only he hit the man’s car but also he called him bad names.
8- Besides cooked for 20 people, she did all the washing up.
9- He had to apologize owing to he made a shameful mistake.
10- They didn't play the match through of the bad weather.
11- I had to take a taxi although it was raining heavily.
12- He didn’t attend the meeting because of he was ill.
13- I felt cold, so I hadn’t brought my coat with me.
14- I arrived very late at the airport as I missed my plane.
15- I didn’t pay him because having no money.
16- However the box was heavy, he could carry it.
17- Because they played very well, they lost the match.
18- Although his old age, my grandfather still works on the farm.
19- Although poor he is, he is a spendthrift.
20- He succeeded despite he was lazy.
21- He played football in spite of he was old.
22- Even though being blind, he won the race.
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23- However mistakes he makes, I respect him.
24- She drove very fast to the airport. Although she missed the plane.
25- She has a very sweet voice, so she doesn’t want to be a singer.
26- While the lights went off, I was studying English.
27- Unless Peter doesn’t improve his work, he’ll fail the exam.
28- If you pay the rent, you can't stay in this flat.
29- Although having diabetes, Ali continued to eat a lot of sugar.
30- On left school, he went to Oxford University, where he studied history.
31- Tamer and I had some money, because we went to the cinema.
32- Although mother was preparing dinner, she made dessert too.
33- On he left the house, Hany took his car keys and sunglasses.
34- Although having problems, Kareem helped a lot of people.
35- Despite Selma likes ice cream, she likes cheesecake more.
36- After Ahmed graduation, he decided to take some time off to travel.
37- He was often punished although he bullied the other children.
38- Although he was a student at Oxford, he joined the debating club.
39- Hany’s shop has a good meat selection, although Farid’s has fabulous baked goods.
40- We moved to London so as to we could visit our friends more often.
41- I gave her my address so as to I wanted her to contact me.
42- She opened the window so as have a look at the garden.
43- I’d like to join the sports club in order that get fit.
44- He got up early in order not that be late for school.
45- The weather was too lovely that we spent the whole day in the open.
46- The mountain is so high for us to climb.
47- He ran quickly enough that he could catch the train.
48- He is so a fast swimmer that I think he could win the race.
49- He was so tired to do his homework.
50- The film is such interesting that it would be a pity to miss it.

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Test (Unit 14 & Chapter 8)

A- Language Functions

1- Respond to the following situations:
5- You are warning your friend who is going to cross a busy road. What do you say?
6- Your brother is using a ladder to get something from the top shelf. You warn him.
7- Your mother tells you to work a bit harder or you'll fail the test. What do you say to assure her?
8- Your little brother wants to go out alone at night. What do you say?

2- Mention the place, the speakers and the language function in each of the following two mini-dialogues:
1- A: What time will you be checking out tomorrow? Place:
B: I’d like a 6:00 am wake-up call because Speaker A:
I have to leave early to catch my flight. Speaker B:
A: I hope you have enjoyed your stay with us. Function:
B: Yes, I have. Thank you.

2- A: Whatever you do, don’t forget your keys! Place:
You’ll need them later. Speaker A:
B:It’ll be fine. I always keep them in my Speaker B:
school bag. Function:

B- Vocabulary and Structure

3- Choose the correct answer:
1- Because they are ………………, Selim and Ahmed went to Tanzania to climb Mount Kilimanjaro.
a) solo b) effective c) adventurous d) spontaneous
2- Everyone at Uncle Sami's …………… wore black, and most of them were crying.
a) funeral b) convention c) party d) banking
3- Saleh tried to ………………. his way into the house, but the police were called.
a) fasten b) mix c) stop d) bully
4- When little children get too much ………………, they can't sleep or even sit quietly.
a) excitement b) influence c) lifestyle d) regard
5- The wedding was very ………………. The bride wore a long white dress, and the groom wore a suit.
a) spontaneous b) influential c) adventurous d) conventional
6- This writer is so …………………… that her words are quoted everywhere.
a) missed b) influential c) stuck d) personal
7- Leila has a quiet ………………. She almost never goes out after work.
a) funeral b) lifestyle c) adventure d) flight
8- Before there was TV, traditional ……………… entertained people.
a) funerals b) storytellers c) bankers d) bullies

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9- ………………… his poor behaviour, Bassem is a really sweet boy.
a) While b) Despite c) Although d) But
10- …………… visiting Rome, Aisha broke her camera.
a) Because b) Despite c) While d) Although
11- Enas couldn’t find her crystal earrings, ……… she asked her sister to look in the car.
a) because b) but c) so d) after
12- Rolex watches are costly …………… they are made with expensive materials.
a) but b) when c) because d) Although
13- ………….. leaving his home town, he founded a company and became well known.
a) Although b) Because c) While d) After
14- I always brush my teeth _____ going to bed.
a) before b) after c) while d) when
15- Despite ……………. losing her arm in a car accident, she was always positive.
a) lost b) lose c) loses d) losing
16- ……………… Mona had many challenges to overcome, she worked very hard to achieve her goals.
a) Although b) Despite c) So d) Before

4- Find the mistake in each of the following sentences then write them correctly:
1- I recommend this book. It has an influential on my thinking about social problems.
2- Smoking can lid to lung cancer and other diseases.
3- Magdy dressed conventional in a dark blue suit.
4- Although her low grades, Ghada did well on her project and passed.
5- The traffic jam was ten kilometres long, while we decided to take another road.
6- Tarek was having a great time despite we were waiting for him.


C- Reading

5- Read the passage then answer the questions:
Nothing we do in this world is done in isolation. It is now recognized that being able to work successfully with other people is one of the major keys to success. In every situation where you are in a group, you will need a skilled leader. All groups need leaders and all successful groups have good leaders. Groups without leaders always break down. Members of a leaderless group often begin to feel dissatisfied and frustrated. There are often arguments and tensions between people as there is nobody to keep the goals clear.
Some people are natural leaders. True leaders are born and you can spot them. They are people who combine toughness, fairness and humour. Although a lot of people agree that there are some natural-born leaders, most people now recognize that leadership can also be taught in training courses which use activities and techniques to develop a range of qualities which are necessary to be a good leader, such as self-confidence, calmness and intelligence. They also need to be able to work under pressure. Lastly, and probably most importantly, good leaders need to be sensitive, sociable and be able to get on with a wide range of people. Good leadership is the ability to influence others and allow all members of the group to contribute.

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A. Answer the following questions:
1- What are the qualities of good leaders?
2- Why are people in a leaderless group often dissatisfied and frustrated?
3- According to the passage, what does good leadership mean?

B. Choose the correct answer:
4- Successful leaders shouldn't be ……………………………… .
a) fair b) wise
c) selfish d) experienced
6- The underlined pronoun "they" refers to …………………………….
a) true leaders b) arguments and tensions
c) training courses d) leaders' works

6- Read the passage then answer the questions:
For most of us, the idea of soup which stops us getting ill, or crisps which relax us seems like something from a science-fiction film. However, these food products known as "functional foods" may already be on your supermarket's shelves.
In today's world, we all know that our diet affects our health. Therefore, food companies are taking advantage of this fact. They have already started to use ingredients in their products which will offer extra health benefits to their customers. For example, orange juice already contains vitamin C, but now you can buy orange juice with added calcium to strengthen your bones and teeth.
Of course, there are people who believe that functional foods are a bad idea. They claim that products such as these can be dangerous, as people may end up taking more vitamins than they need and may damage their bodies as a result. Nevertheless, functional foods are becoming increasingly popular, and supporters feel that it won't be long before there are foods which prevent cancer, protect eyesight and much more.

A) Answer the following questions:
1- Why are some people against functional foods?
2- What are the advantages of functional foods?
3- Would you like your regular meals to include functional foods? Why?

B) Choose the correct answer:
4- Some food companies benefit from functional foods by…………….. .
a) offering extra health advantages to their customers.
b) reducing vitamins in their products.
c) helping customers save more money.
d) helping customers consume more food.
5- A suitable title for the passage can be …………………….. .
a) "The Advantages of Functional Foods"
b) "The Disadvantages of Functional Foods"
c) "Functional Foods in Science Fiction"
d) "A New Type of Foods"

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The Mask of Gold

7-A) Answer the following questions:
1- Why did Amalia ask Leila to forgive her?
2- How did Amalia know that Lander would be in Acomayo?

B) Read the following quotation, then answer the questions:
“The police chief wants to talk to you. Come to my office."
1- Who said this to whom?
2- Why did the police want to talk to the addressed person?

C) Complete the following sentences:
1- The police put a special kind of powder on the safe in order to ….……………….
2- It was out of jealousy that Amalia ………………………………………………………………..

D- Writing

8- Write a paragraph of about 100 words about:
In 50 years’ time, every family will own a car. Would this be a good or a bad thing in your town or city? Give your own point of view.

9- A)Translate into Arabic:
Poverty and social problems may lead some children to end up living in the streets. Sooner or later, street children will turn to a life of crime. The whole society should help these children grow up to become good citizens.

B) Translate into English:
1- لقد كان للعلم و الثقافة اثر بالغ فى حياة الإنسان و تطوره على مر العصور.
2- يهدد الإرهاب مصالح الشعوب و لذا يجب محاربته فى كل مكان.