مراجعة سريعة عى قواعد اللغة الانجليزية الصف الاول الثانوى ترم اول

مراجعة القواعد الاول الثانوى
تستخدم will مع الافعال والظروف الاتية
think –expect-hope-I am sure –be afraid-probably- perhaps                
تستخدم will  مع الروابط الزمنية وما بعد الاداة مضارع بسيط- تام
يستخدم المضارع البسيط للتعبير عن حدث معين في المستقبل لوجود جدول مواعيد او غيره
The train leaves at six tomorrow .
-----------------------------------------------------------
الشرطية if
مضارع بسيط                         مضاع بسيطIf +
وتستخدم مع الحقائق والعادات
Ex. If you boil water, it turns into steam.
مصدر + will  ----------مضارع بسيط  If
للتعبير عن الوعود- التهديد- حدث يمكن حدوثه وتستخدم اذا كانت الجملة المراد ربطها ب if  فى المستقبل بمعنى اذا احتوت على will – can –shall- may- must –perhaps  فانها تحذف وحول الكلام الى مضارع بسيط                                              
Perhaps he will come if so I will tell him .
If he comes , I will tell him.  
يمكن استخدام can أو may بدلاً من will فى جملة جواب الشرط            
Ex. If We have enough time, We can visit Ahmed.      
ويمكن استخدم الحالة الأولي في النصيحة و الطلب والنهي
If you come, clean house, please
If you see snake, Don't touch
If you feel tired , sleep early .
مصدر+ would -----------------ماضى بسيط if
للتعبير عن حدث كان من الممكن حدوثه –النصيحة – مواقف خيالية . وتستخدم اذا كانت الجملة المراد ربطها ب if  فى المضارع فانها تحول الى الماضى
Weren't  ----تحول الى --------am'is.are
Were--------تحول الى ------am,is,aren't
ماضى مثبت ------تحول الى don't, doesn't
didn't -------تحول الى       مضارع مثبت
Ex :Iam not a fish so I can't swim .(If)
If I were a fish , I would swim.
Ex: Iam a doctor , so I can help you. (if)
If I weren't a doctor , I could help you
Ex :I don't study , so I don't pass exam .( if)
If I studied, I would pass exam .
Ex :I play well so I can win .(If)
If I didn't play well. I couldn't win
p.p + have + would ----------------ماضى تام If
للتعبير عن الندم- التمنى – الاستحالة, وتستخدم اذا كانت الجملة المراد ربطها ب فى الماضى تحول الى ماضى تام
Had been .............................wasn't-werent
Hadn't been.........................was-were
p.p+had    .............................مصدر+ didn't
p.p+hadn't...............................ماضى مثبت
Ex: I wasn't ill so I went to school .
If I had been ill,I wouldn't have gone to school .
Ex: I got up late so I missed the train.
If I hadn't got up late ,I wouldn't have missed the train
أدوات تحل محل  If
-but for -Without  تحل محل if  والنفي وياتى بعدها اما اسم او فعل + ing
If you don't work hard , you won't pass exam .
Without working hard , you won't pass exam.    
Without hard work, you won't pass exam.        
Unless  -except if-تحل محل if  والنفي ,وياتى بعدها جملة كاملة
If you don't play well, you won't win .(unless)
Unless you play well, you won't win.            
Were تحل محل if  حالة ثاني  : مصدر +to  +فاعل +were
If he went to cinema , he would see film (were)
Were he to go to cinema , he would see film .
Should  نحل محل if  حالة أولي وثان مصدر + فاعل +Should
If he played well , he would win .( Should )
-I haven't seen him for two days.      (ago)
اذا احتوت الجملة على since , for  وطلب استخدام ago
فانه يحذف المضارع التام المنفى ويحل محله ب last –the last time  ثم ماضى بسيط ثم ago
I last saw him two days ago .                
لاحظ الفرق بين الجملتين التاليتين
Have been-has been = went and back      
He went to London and come back . (has)    
He has been to London.                              
لأنها عبرت عن الذهاب والإياب
Has gone- has been = went and still there
اى ذهب ولم يعد
He went to London and he is still there  has)
He has gone to London
I haven't met him for days .  (it's )
ماضي بسيط +last  +since +فترة زمنية +it's
It's days since I last met him .
I last played when I was in luxor (since)
ماضي بسيط since مضارع تام /تام مستمر
I haven't played since I was in Luxor.
Ashrakat began studying English ten years ago and she is still studying .            (for)            
اذا احتوت الجملة على began  او started  وطلب استخدام  since  او for  فاننا نستخدم المضارع التام المستمر
Ashrakat has been studying English for ten years
Akram has been working in factory since 1990-ago
اذا كانت الجملة فى المضارع التام المستمر وطلب استخدم ago مكان sinceاو for فاننا نستخدم began او started  ثم الفعل +ing  ثم الفترة الزمنية ثم ago
Akmr started working in factory 1990 ago
اذا احتوت الجملة على still  وطلب استخدم yet  فاننا نستخدم مضارع تام منفى ولكننا نحل محل still  ب  finished
She is still washing the dishes .(yet )    
She hasn't finished washing dishes yet
……………………………………………………...
الماضى التام
Had + p.p                                          
يعبر عن وجود حدثان حدث فى الماضى ولكن احدهما حدث قبل الاخر .
He studied then he watched Tv                
اذن انهاء العمل حدث اول ثم المشاهدة حدث ثانى , ولابد ان يكون الحدث الاول ماضى تام مهما اختاف مكانها فى الجملة والثانى ماضى بسيط
ماضى بسيط --- ماضى تام After –as soon as- when
After he had studied , he watched TV.            
ماضى تام as soon as-after-when  ماضى بسيط
He watched TV after he studied.                
ماضى تام ----ماضى بسيط Befor-by the time-when
Before he wathched TV , He had studied.  
ماضى بسيط bwfore-by the time-when ماضى تام
He had studied by the time he watched TV .
ماضى تام til-until  ماضى بسيط منفى didn't
He didn't watch Tv ubtill he had studied.  
يمكن حذف الفاعل بعد اداة الربط بشرط ان ياتى الفعل مضافا اليه ing
After studing , he watched TV.
لاحظ ما ياتي
Because ممكن ياتي بعدها ماضي تام
I slept because I had finished my work  
Having + p.p
On +ing
Immeadiety on (after) + ing
Immediately that +  had+p.p + past  
أولا: اهم الأفعال التى يأتى بعدها to + المصدر
Agree –refuse-arrange- long-promise- expect- dare- afford-managed- deserve- attempet-mean-threaten-offer-hope- want- learn- wish- decide-pretened.
نستخدم (should ) عندما نعبر عن نصيحة (advice )
Ex. We should  take  steps to reduce pollution.
نستخدم (shouldn’t ) لنعبر عن شئ لا ينصح بحدوثه inadvisable  

ملاحظات اخرى
مصدر+ to + صفة + it's
مصدر +may + فاعل
مصدر+will+فاعل +perhaps
مصدر +probably+will + فاعل
اسم او ing +reason for  + فاعل
حملة كاملة + reason why  + فاعل
اسم او ing + cause of + فاعل
عادة فى الماضى = مصدر + used to + فاعل
عادة فى الحاضر = ing + be used to  + فاعل
استطاعة فى الماضى = مصدر + was,were able to
استطاعة فى الحاضر = مصدر +am,is ,aare able to
يسرق مكان + rob  + فاعل
يسرق شى + steal + فاعل
الشى المسروق +of + مفعول + rob+فاعل
المضارع البسيط
المضلرع البسيط
من التصريف  الاول للفعل I we- they – you – اى الفعل بدون اى اضافات , او ياضافة s-es –ies  مع المفرد او الضمير he – she – it
Ex. I always drink milk in the morning.      
Sara often watches TV in the evening .      
ويتكون ايضا من am – is – are
I am at home- They are at school.                
ويتكون من افعال have – has  
A horse has four legs .                                  
ويتكون من افعال do – does  
What do you do ? What does she do ?        
استخدامه : 1- الحقائق العلمية 2- عادة او حدث متكرر
كلمات دالة عليه :always –sometimes- usually- often –every –never-      
النفى :  -never-don't – doesn't                        
السؤال do – does                              
المضارع المستمر :
Ing  + الفعل + am , is, are
They are working now –She is making tea .      
استخدامه :
يعبر عن حدث مستمر حتى وقت الكلام
يعبر عن شى تم الاعداد له وسيحدث فى المستقبل ز
كلمات داله عليه:
At the moment –now- at the present – today- tonight- look – listen- watch out –be careful
She is studying at the moment .            
They are traveling next week.              
هناك افعال لا تستخدم فى المضارع اللمستمر ولكن فى المضارع البسيط want- hear- understand- love- hate- know-prefer-dislike                            
I want to drink tea now .                          
الماضى البسيط :
من التصريف الثانى للفعل go –went  او باضافة d –ed-ied         play –played
افعال was-were   افعال had  افعال did
Yesterday I visited my uncle .                    
Lst week we went to cinema.                    
Last year I had a car .                              
استخدامه :
ليعبر عن فعل بدأ فى الماضى وانتهى حدوثه
او عادة كانت فى الماضى وانتهت تماما  used to
كلمات داله عليه :
Yesterday- ago- last- one day- in the past- once upon time –in 200 -                                          
النفى  :
المصدر + didn't   I didn't go to school
المستقبل البسيط :
1-will + inf   2- be +going to +inf
3- be+ing    
المصدر +will
للتعبير عن الوعود- التهديد- التنبؤ- اتخاذ قرارت سريعة- حقائق مستقبلية- الترتيبات- العروض والتقديم
I decided to buy a car .( will
I will buy car
2- be + going to +inf
للتعبير عن النية والتخطيط-واحداث علي وشك الحدوث لوجود دليل
I intend to travel .( going)
Iam going to travel.
- She plans to build a new villa . ( going )
She is going to build anew villa.
3-am, is, are + ing
للتعبير عن شى تم الاعداد له فى المستقبل
I have arranged to visit the zoo next week .(am )
I am visiting the zoo next week.                
Should he play well , he would win .
Had  تحل محل if  حالة ثالثة  ويأتي بعدها فاعل ثم  p.p
If he had had enough money , he would have bought a car . (Had|)
Had he had enough money , he would have bought a car .
In case of  تحل محل  if  في الاثبات وياتي بعدها اسم او ing
If You make a study plan , you can save your time .(in case of
In case of making a study plan , you can save your time
ويمكن استخدم if it weren't for  مكان  without  في الحالة الثانية
ويمكن استخدام if it hadn't been for  مكان without  في الحالة الثالثة
ويمكن استخدام if it isn't for  مكان  if  في الحالة الأولي مكان without  
ويمكن ان تحل provided-provided that- providing-only if-as long as  مكان if  وياتي بعدهم جملة كاملة .
You can borrow my car provided that you don't drive fast .
Without doctors , people would die .(if)
If it weren't for doctors , people would die
33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333
المضارع التام :
I, we, they, you, ---------have + p.p            
He ,she it ……….has+ p.p                        
They have done their work .                      
She has watched Tv.                              
استخدامه :
ليعبر عن فعل حدث وله اثر I have painted the flat.
ليعبرعن فعل حدث منذ فترة قصيرة    Just
ليعبر عن فعل قد تم حدوثه بالفعل     already  
ليعبر عن فعل لم يتم حدوثه حتى الان  yet
حدث لم يحدث ابدا never                    
االسؤال عن الخبرة                   ever  
بيان الفترة التى استغرقها الفعل  since- for
كلمات داله عليه :
Just- already- since-for- ever- never- yet- recently –lately  -so far- up till now-this term-this week-throughout history
Just= a short time ago                        
He left work a fem minutes ago .( just )        
He has just left work .                                    
Already = before now                      
She cooked food before now.  ( already)    
She has already cooked food.                    
Yet = until now                                
وتستخدم فى حالة النفى والسؤال
She cleaned the house .( yet)                      
She hasn't cleaned the house yet.                
Has she cleaned the house yet?                  
وتستخدم ever  فى حالة السؤال
Have you ever been to London ?                
وتستخدم never  فى حالة النفي.          
ولكن لاحظ الجمل التالية مع ever – never
I have never seen a lion before .(ever
It's the first time I have ever seen a lion
This is the most exciting story I have ever read .(never)
I have never read a more exciting story than this .
Since –for
وتستخدم  since  مع بداية الفترة الزمنية اى فترة زمنية غير محددة  2000- yesterday- last- o'clock- -h-
his arrival –May- morning- Sunday- then                          the first of may- his departure
وتستخدم for  مع اجمالى الفترة الزمنية اى فترة زمنية محدة
week- month- day- year –hour- the last- ages- long time  -centuries-long-along time-a while- a season          -              
لاحظ التحويلات التالية
I last met him in 2000.              (since-for)
اذا احتوت الجملة على last- the last time  تحذف ويحل محلها مضارع تام منفى
I haven't met him since 2000.  ( for 7 years).
ثانياً افعال ياتي بعدها +  ing
Practice- avoid-dislike- suggest- don't mind- prevent- fancy-keep on – enjoy- recommend – finish- imagine- miss – delay- risk- give up- deny- go on
تعبيرات ياتي بعدها = ing
Look forward to- be used to- long to- get used to- object to –be accustomed to
افعال ياتي بعدها to +inf / ing  
والاختلاف بسيط  ,في حالة المصدر تعبر عن مناسبة معينة /في حالة ing  فكرة عامة
love – like- prefer- hate
تراكيب ياتي بعدها  to  + المصدر
'd like-'d prefer –'d love
افعال ياتي بعدها to +inf / ing  
ولا فرق في المعني begin- start-continue      
تعبيرات ياتي بعدها +ing
It's no good- it's no use- I can't help- I can't stand –can't bear –busy- feel like- worth- would you mind
---------------
الصفة والظرف
الصفة  كلمة تصف الاسم وتاتى قبله , اما الظرف كلمة تصف الفعل وتاتى بعدخ وتحول الصفةالى الظرف باضافةly
ماعدا good-  فانها تحول الى well  وكذلك fast- hard-late- early  تستخدم صفة وظرف بدون تغيير
موصوف + صفة + a (an) + be + فاعل
He is a slow swimmer
لتحويلها الى الظرف
ظرف+فعل+ فاعل
He swims slowly
الماضى المستمر
I , he , she , it . +was , + ing                        
We, they ,you, +were+ ing                            
استخدامه:
ليعبر عن حدث كان مستمر فى وقت ما فى الماضى
They were studying English all night last night  ليعبر عن حدث كان مستمر وقطعه حدث اخر
ماضى بسيط --------ماضى مستمر while , as , just as W
While I was playing the bell rang                        
  I went out while it was raining .
ماضى بسيط...............when  .............ماضى مستمر
It was raining when I went out.              
ماضى مستمر.......... ماضى بسيط ...............When
When I went out ,It was raining .        
و تحل during  محل while  وياتى بعده اسم او فعل ing
While I was studying , the light went out .    
During my studying , the light went out.
can / could / ( be) able to
 تستخدم (can ) لتعبر عن شئ يمكن حدوثه الآن او فى المستقبل :
 Ex. - I can speak English well . ( ability )
تستخدم (  can / can’t ) لنعبرعن شئ مسموح به أو غير مسموح به :      
 Ex. -You can enter this room . permission
- You can’t   park  here .
: ( could / be able to )                            
لنعبر عن الإستطاعة فى الماضى نستخدم
 Ex.- He could go home alone .
) must / have to / mustn’t / don’t have to
نستخدم ( must / have to  ) لنعبر عن معنى شئ هام جدا حدوثه :
Ex.  It’s raining , I must / have to   take a taxi .
نستخدم ( mustn’t ) بمعنى غير مسموح forbidden
Ex.  You mustn’t enter this it is forbidden .
نستخدم (don’t have to ) بمعنى لاداعى unnecessary

The person I admire most
               The person I admire most is my father. He is a role model father He is a successful doctor. He treats his patients kindly. He is serious and sincere at work. He is a friendly character who spares no effort to help those who need him and holds back nothing in due. He is loved by all people around him. I am greatly affected by him so I wish very much to follow in his footsteps. That's why I consider him the most important person in my life.
Friends
Friends are either good or bad. Some of them are worthy of respects while others are hateful ones. Personally I like helpful friends who are ready to stand by me in time of troubles, and share my joy and sorrow. Moreover, man has no choice in making friends, yet he should be carefully cautious  when be friends anyone.
       He must test him in some situations before he reveals any of his secrets. Among friends I feel warmth brotherhood that is why I take my friend as a refuge (shelter) where I find relief and comfort a To sum up, a friend in need is a friend indeed.
Health
             Health is a priceless treasure that completes our happiness and a gift of Allah. We cannot really enjoy our life if we are unhealthy. For an unhealthy person, life is no more than pain and suffering. He is a helpless member who cannot take part in the process of development. However, healthy people are always good members in their societies and help to achieve its welfare  and progress.
            So, people should take care of their personal cleanliness as it is tremendously important in the prevention of many kinds of infections. In order to be healthy, we must be clean. We must never eat food that smells bad or swollen canned food. We should always wash hands before and after a meal. We must either boil tap water or cool it before we drink. In the end, as it has been said that "prevention is better than cure" so everybody should pay attention to his health.
The problem of over - population
          It has become clear that over population in Egypt is a serious problem. It results in other more serious problems. Our youth can't find a flat to marry in or a suitable job to start their life. There is also a possible shortage of food. Our cities became very crowded, they lack the needed infrastructureا for living.
      So it has become a must that we should invade the desert. The government does its best to encourage people to have small families through public awareness programmes on t.v. and papers. It send campaigns to remote and small villages to offer people information about birth controlت
Tourism
        Tourism is considered one of the most important earners of foreign currency and national income,.Tourists spend a lot of hard currency during their stay in Egypt.
Tourists like to visit Egypt to enjoy the sun shine, and the wonderful historic places. They like to visit the Citadel, the Pyramids, Luxor and Aswan.
     They like to see our modern renaissance as well. We should do our best to encourage tourists to visit us again and again. We should establish cheap hotels and tourist villages along our shores. l

قاعدة if
[1] IF + PRESENT SIMPLE WILL OR SHALL + INFINITIVE تعبر عن شيء محتمل
1- If he works hard he will get high marks.

[2] IF + PAST SIMPLE SHOULD + INFINITIVE
WOULD يعبر عن شيء غير محتمل
1-If she went to the cinema she would enjoy the film.

** IF + ـــــ WERE WOULD + INF
مع جميع الضمائر
** تستخدم(were) مع جميع الضمائر عندما يكون الشرط متناقضا مع الحقيقة ، كما تستخدم لاعطاء النصائح .
1- If I were in your position I would report the police.

SHOULD HAVE
[3] IF + PAST PERFECT + P.P
WOULD HAVE
1- If she had run fast she would have caught the train.

2- I didn’t have an umbrella therefore I got wet in the rain.
(Use: If ………)
· If I had had an umbrella I wouldn’t have got wet in the rain
1- إذا كان زمن الجملة في الماضي يستخدم الحالة الثالثة .
2- إذا كانت الجملة في النفي نضعها في الإثبات والإثبات نضعه في النفي .
3- إذا كان زمن الجملة مضارع نستخدم الحالة الثانية .
4- إذا كان زمن الجملة مستقبل نستخدم الحالة الأولى .

1- He didn’t buy the books because he didn’t have enough money. (Use: If………)
* If he had had enough money he would have bought the books.

2-Samira didn’t eat her lunch. She wasn’t hungry. (Use: If 0) ** If Samira had been hungry she would have eaten her lunch.
3-Ahmed may arrive tomorrow and give a big party.
* If Ahmed arrives tomorrow he will give a big party.

4-He doesn’t play well. He doesn’t win the match.
* If he played well he would win the match.

5- I don’t speak English well. I find it difficult to understand American films. (Rewrite beginning with: If …………)

* يمكن أن تحل should محل If في الحالتين الأولي والثانية .
1- If he succeeds he will join the university.
· Should he succeed he will join the university.

2- If he succeeded he would join the university.
· Should he succeed he would join the university.

3- should it rain they will stay indoors.( if )
…………………………………………………………………………………..
تستخدم were محل if في الحالة الثانية
1- if I were a bird, I would fly. (Were )
Were I a bird I would fly.
2-If he went to bed early, he would ‘t feel sleepy in the morning.
“Use: were “
*Were he to go to bed early, , he would ‘t feel sleepy in the morning .
ملحوظة هامة:
IF محل HAD تحل في الحالتين الثانية والثالثة
1- إذا جاءت HAD محل IF ولم يأتي بعدها فعل يكون جواب الشرط SHOULD – WOULD ( الحالة الثانية )
1) Had he enough money he would by the car.

1- إذا جاءت had محل if وبعدها التصريف الثالث للفعل يكون جواب الشرط
الحالة الثالثةshould OR would have + p.p.
1- had she studied hard she would have succeeded.
2- Had they played well they would have won the match. ( if )
……………………………………………………………………………
1- If he succeeded he would join the university.
**In case of his success he would join the university.
**In case of playing well they would have won the match.
(Use: If ………………)
**If they had played well they would have won the match.
ينطبق علي Unless نفس قاعدة If بحالاتها الثلاثة
1- Unless + present simple ………… shall + inf.
Will
2- Unless + past simple …………… should +if
Would
3- Unless + past perfect ……… should have + p.p.
Would have
1- unless he studies hard he will fail. (Use: But for)
* But for studying hard he will fail.
[Or]
* But for his hard study he will fail.
2- Without my help he would have failed.
(Use: unless…)
* Unless I had helped him he would have failed.
3- without running fast he would have missed the train.
(Use: If…)
· If he had not run fast he would have missed the train.

ويمكن استخدام كلا من if it hadn’t been for أو if it weren’t for محل without

1-without + noun would + inf.
= If it weren’t for + noun would + inf.
*Without his foolish behavior, we would help him.
*if it weren’t forhis foolish behavior , we would help him

2-without + noun = (if it hadn’t been for + noun would + have + p.p.)

Without his foolish behavior, we would have helped him.
if it hadn’t been for his foolish behavior , we would have helped him

اعلم جيدا ان هذه الكلمات لها نفس المعنى الذي تحملة I f

Ex: you will be late for work ( if – as long as ) you don’t take a taxi .
1-choose the correct answer :-
1- If Hisham (would come – had come – would have come – come) with us he would have a good time. ث96
2- (Would he leave – was he leaving – were he to leave – if he leaves) today he would get there by Thursday.ث 96
3- I would have attended the meeting if I (have had – had had – would have had) time.
4- If you had gone to the exhibition you (would enjoy – will have enjoyed – would have enjoyed – will enjoy) it.
6-If your father (is – was – were – has been) alive he would be pleased with your work.
7-Had I money I (shall buy – should buy – should have bought) a car.
8-The streets would be wet if it (rains – rained – had rained)
9-If he does not come early, he (will punish – will be punished – would be punished).
10-He (learned – had learned – would have learned – would learn) more if you had agreed to help him.
11-If the servant stole the money. The police (will – would - would have) arrest him.
12-If I had enough money I would (buy – bought – have bought) it.
13-She would not (lose – lost – have lost) her bag if she had been careful.
14-If I (am – were – had been) in you position I would meet him.
15-He would have caught the thief if he (runs – ran – had run) fast.
16-If we (have – had – would have) a holiday we shall go to the zoo.
17-If I had arrived in time I (would find – found – had found – would have found) him at home.
18-You would not have finished your work unless you (would work – worked – works – had worked)
19-(In case of – unless – If – without) he ran quickly he would not catch the train.
20-Our team would have won the match if it (played – had played – has played – did play) well.
21-(If – unless – except – put) you hurry up you will miss the train.
22-(Had – if – should – were) he found the money he would have spent it.
3- Rewrite the following sentences

1- Ahmed didn’t receive his friend at the airport because he was ill,
(Begin with if

2- The lorry driver was so careful that he was able to avoid a terrible collision.
(Rewrite beginning with: “unless” …)
3- Many people were out of work. The factory had closed down
(Use: If…)

4- My brother didn’t leave the car keys so I couldn’t pick him up to the station.
(Rewrite beginning with: If…)
5- We didn’t go on holiday because we didn’t have enough money.
(Begin with: If…)
6- If he has enough time he will visit his uncle.( begin with : should )
7- Without blood banks many people would die. (Begin with: If it…)
8- If he had enough money he would buy a flat. (Begin with: had…)
9- I forgot your address. I didn’t send you an invitation card to my birthday party.
(Join using: If…)
10- He disobeyed his parents and therefore he lost all his money.
(Rewrite beginning with: If…)
11- Without the rescuer’s efforts many people would have died. (Use: If it …….)
12- He had to take a Taxi, otherwise he would have missed the train.
(Rewrite beginning with: Unless…)
13- Going to summer resorts on holiday will be difficult for government employees. ( Rewrite beginning with : If living expenses had been lower )
14- Magda lost her Tennis match, because she did not have enough practice.
(Rewrite the sentence beginning with: If…)
15 -My friend advised me to sell my old car. (Begin with My friend said “If I… You, I…)
16-The tourist didn’t have a map of the city, therefore he go lost.
(Join into one sentence using: If …….. )

1- Perhaps my brother will arrive from London next week, in that case , we will meet him at the airport . ( if )

2- You must speak very slowly or he will not be able to understand you. ( without )

3- The money he had wasn’t enough, so he didn’t buy a new flat. ( if )

4- I met the author one-day; I would ask him to sign my copy of the book. ( were )

5- You had better revise your lessons ( if )

6- If you refuse to listen to your father’s advice , you will be punished ( otherwise ( or – else )

7- - if it rains , I will stay at home . ( in case of )

8- but for his friend’s help , he couldn’t finish his duties ( if – unless )

Pronouns
Definition. - A pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun. Pronouns can be in one of three cases: Subject, Object, or Possessive.
Rule 1.
Subject pronouns are used when the pronoun is the subject of the sentence. You can remember subject pronouns easily by filling in the blank subject space for a simple sentence.
Example:
______ did the job.
I, you, he, she, it, we, and they all fit into the blank and are, therefore, subject pronouns.
Rule 2.
Subject pronouns are also used if they rename the subject. They follow to be verbs such as is, are, was, were, am, and will be.
Examples:
It is he.
This is she speaking.
It is we who are responsible for the decision to downsize.
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NOTE: In spoken English, most people tend to follow to be verbs with object pronouns. Many English teachers support (or at least have given in to) this distinction between written and spoken English.
Example:
It could have been them.
Better:
It could have been they.
Example:
It is just me at the door.
Better:
It is just I at the door.
Rule 3.
Object pronouns are used everywhere else (direct object, indirect object, object of the preposition). Object pronouns are me, you, him, her, it, us, and them.
Examples:
Jean talked to him.
Are you talking to me?
To be able to choose pronouns correctly, you must learn to identify clauses. A clause is a group of words containing a verb and subject.
Rule 4a.
A strong clause can stand on its own.
Examples:
She is hungry.
I am feeling well today.
Rule 4b.
A weak clause begins with words such as although, since, if, when, and because. Weak clauses cannot stand on their own.
Examples:
Although she is hungry...
If she is hungry...
Since I am feeling well...
Rule 4c.
If a sentence contains more than one clause, isolate the clauses so that you can decide which pronoun is correct.
Examples:
Weak
Strong
[Although she is hungry,]
[she will give him some of her food.]
[Although this gift is for him,]
[I would like you to have it too.]
Rule 5.
To decide whether to use the subject or object pronoun after the words than or as, mentally complete the sentence.
Examples:
Tranh is as smart as she/her.
If we mentally complete the sentence, we would say, "Tranh is as smart as she is." Therefore, she is the correct answer.
Zoe is taller than I/me.
Mentally completing the sentence, we have, "Zoe is taller than I am."
Daniel would rather talk to her than I/me.
We can mentally complete this sentence in two ways: "Daniel would rather talk to her than to me." OR "Daniel would rather talk to her than I would." As you can see, the meaning will change depending on the pronoun you choose.
Rule 7.
Reflexive pronouns - myself, himself, herself, itself, themselves, ourselves, yourself, yourselves- should be used only when they refer back to another word in the sentence.
Correct:
I did it myself.
Incorrect:
My brother and myself did it.
The word myself does not refer back to another word.
Correct:
My brother and I did it.
Incorrect:
Please give it to John or myself.
Correct:
Please give it to John or me

Subject/Verb Agreement
Basic Rule.
The basic rule states that a singular subject takes a singular verb, while a plural subject takes a plural verb.
الفاعل المفرد يأخذ فعل مفرد والفاعل الجمع يأخذ فعل جمع
NOTE: The trick is in knowing whether the subject is
singular or plural.
الخدعة والمهم أن تعرف هل الفاعل مفرد أم جمع
The next trick is recognizing a singular or plural verb.
والخطوة الثانية أن تتعرف على الفعل هل هو مفرد أم جمع

Hint: Verbs do not form their plurals by adding an( s ) as nouns do. In order to determine which verb is singular and which one is plural, think of which verb you would use with he or she and which verb you would use with they.

Talks ( فعل مفرد ) talk ( فعل جمع)
Which one is the singular form?
Which word would you use with he?
We say, "He talks." Therefore, talks is singular.
We say, "They talk." Therefore, talk is plural.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------


Rule 1.
Two singular subjects connected by ( or ) OR ( nor) require a singular verb.
Example:
My aunt or my uncle is arriving by train today.
Rule 2.
Two singular subjects connected by ( either…or ) OR
( neither…nor ) require a singular verb as in Rule 1.
Examples:
Neither Juan nor Carmen is available.
Either Ola or Abeer is helping today with stage decorations.
Rule 3.
When ( I ) is one of the two subjects connected by
( either…or ) OR ( neither…nor ), put ( I ) second and follow it with the singular verb ( am) .
Example:
Neither she nor I am going to the festival.
Rule 4.
When a singular subject is connected by(or )OR (nor ) to a plural subject, put the plural subject last and use a plural verb.
Example:
The table or the plates are not clean.
Rule 5.
When a singular and plural subject are connected by either/or OR neither/nor, put the plural subject last and use a plural verb.
Example:
Neither Mona nor the others are lazy.
Rule 6.
As a general rule, use a plural verb with two or
more subjects when they are connected by and.
Example:
A car and a bike are my means of transportation.
Rule 7.
Sometimes the subject is separated from the verb by words such as (along with, as well as, besides, or not ). Ignore these expressions when determining whether to use a singular or plural verb.
أحيانا تأتي تعبيرات تفصل بين الفاعل والفعل مثل : as well as , along with , besides , not ) )
عليك أن تتجاهل هذه التعبيرات هي والإسم الذي بعدها أي كأنهم غير موجودين ، عند تحديد الفعل مفرد أو جمع ، فكما قلنا الفعل يتبع فاعله
Examples:
The politician, along with the newsmen, is expected shortly.
Excitement, as well as nervousness, is the cause
of her shaking.
Rule 8.
The pronouns each, everyone, every one, everybody, anyone, anybody, someone, and somebody are singular and require singular verbs. Do not be misled by what follows of.
التعبيرات :
each , everyone , every one , everybody , anyone , anybody , someone , somebody
هي تعبيرات مفردة وبالتالي فعلها يكون مفرد، ولاتنخدع بالإسم الذي يأتي بعد of
Examples:
Each of the girls sings well.
Every one of the cakes is gone.

NOTE: Everyone is one word when it means everybody.
لاحظ أن everyone تكون كلمة واحدة إذا كان معناها everybody أى ( الكل )
Every one is two words when the meaning is each one.
ولكنها تكون كلمتين اذا كان معناها ( كل واحد )
Rule 9.
With words that indicate portions النسبpercent, fraction الكسر, part, majority, some, all, none, remainder, and so forth وهكذاlook at the noun in your of phrase (object of the preposition) to determine whether to use a singular or plural verb.
مع الكلمات التي تشير الى ( نسب ، في المائه ، كسور ، أجزاء ، الغالبية ، الكل ( اثبات all أو نفي none ) ، الباقي وهكذا ، يتوقف كون الفعل مفرد أو جمع على مفعول حرف الجر أي الإسم الذي يأتي بعد حرف الجر ، اذا كان مفرد يكون الفعل مفرد واذا كان جمع يكون الفعل جمع
Examples:
Fifty percent of the meat has been eaten.
Meat is the object of the preposition of.
Fifty percent of the books have been read.
Books is the object of the preposition.
One-third of the city is unemployed.
One-third of the people are unemployed.
NOTE: Hyphenate all spelled-out fractions. لابد من كتابة (-) عند كتابة الكسور
All of the rice is gone.
All of the onions are gone.
Some of the meat is missing.
Some of the onions are missing.
None of the garbage was picked up.
None of the sentences were written correctly.
Of all her books, none have sold as well as the first one.
NOTE:
لاحظ أن كلمة none يمكن أن تعتبر مفرد أو جمع وبذلك يكون فعلها مفرد أو جمع
When none is clearly intended to mean not one or not any, it is followed by a singular verb.
ولكنها عندما تعني ( لا أحد ) او ( لا شئ ) تكون مفرد وبالتالي يكون فعلها مفرد
Rule 10.
When ( either ) and ( neither ) are subjects, they always take singular verbs.
اذا استخدمنا either / neither كفاعل فالفعل لابد أن يكون مفرد
Examples:
Neither of them is available to speak right now.
Either of us is capable of doing the job.
Rule 11.
The words here and there have generally been labeled as adverbs even though they indicate place. In sentences beginning with here or there, the subject follows the verb.
لاحظ أن الفاعل يأتي بعد الفعل إذا بدأت الجملة بظرفي المكانhere / there
Examples:
There are four eggs to boil.
There is one man to talk to.
Rule 12.
Use a singular verb with sums of money or periods of time.
لابد من استخدام فعل مفرد إذا كان الفاعل ( مبالغ نقدية ) أو ( فترات زمنية )
Examples:
Ten dollars is a high price to pay.
Five years is the maximum sentence for that crime.
Rule 13.
Sometimes the pronoun who, that, or which is the
subject of a verb in the middle of the sentence. The pronouns who, that, and which become singular or
plural according to the noun directly in front of them. So, if that noun is singular, use a singular verb. If it is plural, use a plural verb.
Examples:
Abeer is the scientist who ( writes – write ) the reports.
The word in front of ( who ) is ( scientist ), which is singular.
Therefore, use the singular verb ( writes ).
He is one of the men who ( does – do ) the work.
The word in front of ( who) is ( men ), which is plural.
Therefore, use the plural verb ( do ).
Rule 14.
Collective nouns such as ( team ) and ( staff ) may be either singular or plural depending on their use in the sentence.
الأسماء الشمولية مثل
Team , staff , family , army , group
يمكن أن تكون مفرد أو جمع حسب استخدامها في الجملة ، وبالتالي الفعل يكون مفرد أو جمع
Examples:
The staff is in a meeting.
Staff is acting as a unit here.
The staff are in disagreement about the findings.
The staff are acting as separate individuals.
In this example, the sentence would read even better as:The staff members are in disagreement about the findings.
Reference : Jane Straus, The Blue Book Of Grammar and Punctuation

The active and passive voice
1-Statement
1-Present simple. (am,is,are+p.p.)
-Ali eats eggs.
Eggs are eaten (by me)
2-Past simple. (was,were+p.p.)
-I wrote a letter.
A letter was written (by me).
3-Present continuous. (am,is,are+being+p.p.)
-Ali is eating oranges.
Oranges are being eaten (by him).
4-Past continuous. (was,were+being+p.p.)
-I was plaing football.
Football was being played (by me)
5-Present perfect. (have, has+been+p.p.)
-I have bought a new car.
A new car has been bought (be me)
6-Past perfect. (had+been+p.p.)
-He had written a letter.
A letter had been written (by him).
7-Defective verbs.(will,can,may.might…..+be+p.p.)
-I will buy a new house.
A new house will be bought (by me)
8-Future perfect.(shall,will+have+been+p.p.)
-He will have bought a car.
A car will have been bought (by him)
9-Verbs with two objects.
-Ali gave me a pen.
I was given a pen (by him) Or
A pen was given to me (by him)
10-Prepositions (come after p.p.)
-She looked after the children.
The children were looked after (by her).
11-Adverbs (come before p.p.)
-He answered the question well.
The question was well answered (by him).
12-Somebody/Nobody.
-Somebody helped me.
I was helped.
-Nobody visited me.
I wasn't visited.
13-See,make,hear,notice,observe.
-He made us play in the street.
We were made to play in the street.
14-say,understand,believe,consider,think,regret,
know,claim,report,feel,estimate..
-People say that he is a good teacher.
It is said that he is a good teacher. (Or)
He is said to be a good teacher.
-People said that he stole the money.
It was said that he stole the money.
He was said to have stolen the money.
15-Gerund. (being+p.p.)
-I don't like people staring at me like that.
I don't like being stared at like that.
16-Infinitive. (to be+p.p.)
(like,love,want,wish..+object+inf)
-I wasn’t someone to write this letter.
I want this letter to be written.
17-Let.
-He let us play.
We were let play. (=We were allowed to play)
-He let people cheat him.
He let himself be cheated.
2-Order
Let + object+be +p.p.
-Open the door.
Let the door be opened.
-Study this lesson.
Let this lesson be studied.
3-Question
1-Did Ali eat oranges?
Ali ate oranges.
Oranges were eaten.
Were oranges eaten?

*Has Ali broken the window?
Has the window been broken?
2-Where do they play football?
Where is football played?
*How could they overcome the problem?
How could the problem be overcome?
3-(Who By whom) / Whom Who)
-Who killed the cat?
By whom was the cat killed?
*Whom did the teacher punish?
Who was punished (by the teacher/him)?
1-Change into passive
1-He answered the question well.
2-They have to postpone the meeting.
3-I'll do the homework.
4-Smoke filled the room.
5-People say that eggs are better for us than figs.
6-Nobody visited me.
7-I saw them play football.
8-I remember Ali taking me to the zoo.
9-He will ask you some questions at the interview.
10-He didn't offer me the job.
11-He is to leave this picture here.
12-If you stand there, soldiers are likely to shoot at you.
13-You have to see it to believe it.
14-She is going to write her homework.
15-He bought the children an ice-cream each.
16-I made him sing.
17-They could have prevented that disaster.
18-They were looking at the blackboard.
19-They gave the thief fair trial and sent him to prison.
20-He shouldn't have bought that car.
****
21-Take him away.
22-Clean the blackboard.
23-Don't forget it.
24-Polish my shoes.
25-Copy this letter.
26-Were they eating apples?
27-Did they follow your advise?
28-Is Ali posting the letters?
29-Who has paid the bill?
30-Whom did they give the present?
31-Where did he find the camera?
32-When did you lose your book?
33-Who wrote this essay?
34-What caused the fire?
35-Did anybody help you?
36-Where did you play football?
37-Will you eat meat tomorrow?
38-Why are you looking at the car?
39-Will they eliminate pollution?
40-Did the dog kill the car?

great